Answer To: ox Nepali Calendar, Nepali Ca X | © CAMPUS FEED X | 9 BIOL XXXXXXXXXXSemester 2 = X @...
Dr Insiyah R. answered on Oct 22 2022
Topic-1 Reproduction 1
Topic 2- Respiratory system 2
Topic 3- Digestive system 3
Topic 4- Pharmecology 4
Refrence 5
Topic-1 Reproduction
David, a 41-year-old man, has scheduled his biannual checkup with his doctor. He admits to feeling "a little puffed" when walking around the golf course during his weekly round of golf and has recently noticed a recent increase in the frequency of urination to the doctor.
A decrease in testosterone level, glandular and seminal vesicle weights and the number of sperm are all linked to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (Ellinger & Chatuphonprasert,2022). A few years later, Zhu et al, (2019) showed that a high-energy diet (HED) had no effect on sperm concentration or viability but did increase the amount of sperm with aberrant morphological and sperm motility. The secretory function of Leydig and Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis, the sperm cytoskeleton, the epididymal sperm maturation process, and sperm fertilising ability were all negatively affected by hypercholesterolemia caused by a high-cholesterol diet in a model (Zhu et al,2019). It has also caused a drop in fertility index, sperm concentration, motility, viability, testicular weight, degenerative changes in the testicles, atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, and a stop to sperm production (Ellinger & Chatuphonprasert,2022). Ejaculate volume, sperm count, and motility were all negatively affected by hypercholesterolemia, and sperm morphological defects, especially aberrant sperm heads and the presence of cytoplasmic droplets, were up.
Steroid hormones, mostly generated from cholesterol, make up the bulk of a person's sexual hormones. As a result, cholesterol is essential for the physiology of male and female reproduction, beginning with sex differentiation and ending with the creation of gametes (Ellinger & Chatuphonprasert,2022). Numerous research has been done to find out how HED and hypercholesterolemia affect the hormones men need for reproduction. Some of the hormones evaluated in those studies shared findings consistently with others.
Damage to cells may result from oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant-carrying capacity. Normal sperm activities, including capacitation, acrosomal response, hyperactivation, motility, sperm-oocyte adhesion, and fertilisation, need low reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (Ellinger & Chatuphonprasert,2022). However, oxidative stress is particularly harmful to sperm because it may set off an apoptotic cascade, resulting in the death of the cell and the loss of motility, DNA integrity, and vitality. Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the sperm membrane are high, while antioxidant enzyme levels in the cytoplasm are low, leaving the sperm vulnerable to damage.
Men's reproductive health and sperm shape are directly tied to the metabolism of fatty acids. Reduced spermatogenesis occurs when this process is impaired. During spermatogenesis, the testes rely on their dynamic lipid metabolism to stabilise the fatty acid rearrangement. Researchers discovered that fatty acid synthase and sterol response element interaction protein-1 c (srebp1c) mRNA levels were lower in double LXR...