2000 word essay on your choice of topicAnswer one of the following five questions. Your answer...

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2000 word essay on your choice of topicAnswer one of the following five questions. Your answer should be in the form of an essay of approximately 2000 words, excluding the reference list (Harvard style). You should refer to at least ten references in your answer. Submit your essay as a word document to the relevant dropbox by 8pm on Friday 9 October.   Essay questions 1. To what extent has Australian asylum policy been influenced by populism? Your answer should include include a definition of populism, and draw on evidence to support your argument. Your answer may refer to history or the present day.  2. What is 'executive control' and to what degree does ‘executive control’ characterise Australia’s asylum policies? Your answer should demonstrate an understanding of the implications of executive control (eg democratic, human). Please provide examples to support your argument.  3. What is a 'moral panic'? What are the implications of an ongoing moral panic about refugees? Your answer should consider at least one of the following: the impact on policymaking; on public attitudes about refugees; on a refugee's ability to settle into Australia and begin a new life. 4. To what extent does Australia’s asylum policy impact on its relationship with other states in the Asian region? Choose one state to provide evidence for your answer. 5. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), adopted by the United Nations in late 2018, are important additions to the international protection regime. To what extent have these documents changed the ability of refugees and asylum seekers to find protection? You might wish to draw on some real-world scenarios (from Australia or elsewhere) to illustrate your argument.    Marking criteria: When marking, the assessor will consider the following: · Has the student followed the instructions and guidelines?  · Has the student demonstrated a good understanding of the topic and its debates? · Has the student demonstrated critical thinking and analytical skills when answering the question? · Has the student engaged with a sufficient number of quality references to answer the question? · Is the task well presented, including clear and formal writing, and the correct use of the Harvard referencing system?  Some references to help you on your way:  The list below contains some key references to get you started in your research on the essay topics. Note that these are only a start - the library databases will help you find more along these lines. Populism Moffitt, B. and S. Tormey, 2014, ‘Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style’, Political Studies, Vol. 62, 381-397. R. Wear, 2018, ‘Permanent Populism: The Howard Government 1996-2007’, Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol 43, Issue 4, 617-634. G. Martin, 2015, ‘Stop the Boats!’ Moral Panic in Australia over Asylum Seekers’, Continuum Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, Vol 25, Issue 3, 304-322. Executive Control Sackville, R. 2004, ‘Refugee Law: The Shifting Balance’, Sydney Law Review, Vol 26, No. 1, 37-50. Crock, M. 2004, ‘Judging Refugees: The Clash of Power and Institutions in the development of Australian Refugee Law, Sydney Law Review, Vol 26, No 1, 51-74. Kneebone, S. 2009, ‘The Australian Story: Asylum Seekers Outside the Rule of Law’, in S. Kneebone (ed) Refugees, Asylum Seekers and the Rule of Law: Comparative Perspectives, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Nethery, A. and R. Holman, 2016, ‘Secrecy and Human Rights Abuse in Australia’s Offshore Immigration Detention Centres’, International Journal of Human Rights, Vol 20, Issue 7, 1018-1038. Regional relationships Hirsch, A. 2017, ‘The Borders Beyond the Border: Australia’s Extraterritorial Migration Controls’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol 36, Issue 3, 48-80. Missbach, A. 2015, Troubled Transit: Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia, ISEAS: Singapore. Betts, A. and G. Loescher, 2011, 'Refugees in International Relations', in A. Betts and G. Loescher (eds), Refugees in International Relations, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Betts, A. 2009, Protection by Persuasion: International Cooperation in the Refugee Regime, Cornell University Press: New York. The Global Compacts As this topic is very new, scholars are writing research on the Global Compacts as we speak. Here are a few items to get you started. Note also that the scholarly (peer-reviewed) items I have set out below are published before the Compacts were adopted in December 2018, and so they explain the process and are largely speculative on the outcome. This is because academic publishing occurs sloooooowly ... we will expect more academic research on this topic to be published from next year. The 'explainers' from research institutes like the Kaldor Centre fill the gap. Scholarly research Appleby, K. 2017, 'Strengthening the Global Refugee Protection System: Recommendations for the Global Compact on Refugees', Journal of Migration and Human Security, 5(4), 780-799. Turk, V. and Garlik, M. 2016, 'From Burdens and Responsibilities to Opportunities: The Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework and the Global Compact on Refugees', International Journal of Refugee Law, 28(4), 656-678. Commentaries and Factsheets Kaldor Factsheet, 2019, The Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration. UNHCR, 2019, The Global Compact on Refugees. Hirsch, A, 2019, 'What does 'regular and orderly migration' mean for refugees? Asylum Insight. Pittaway, E. and Bartholomei, L. 2018, 'Enhancing the Protection of Women and Girls through the Global Compact for Refugees', Forced Migration Review, 57, 77-79.

Abhishek · Accepted Answer

ASYLUM CHALLENGES IN AUSTRALIA AND ASIA
[CHOSEN TOPIC: 1. INFLUENCE OF AUSTRALIAN ASYLUM POLICY BY POPULISM]
Table of Contents
Introduction	3
Definition of Populism	3
Concept of Australian Asylum Policy	3
Influence of Australia Asylum Policy by Populism	4
The Influence of Asylum Policy on Refugee Crisis	4
Impact on Polarisation from Normal Recessions to Migration	5
Effect of Australian Asylum Policy by Populism on Australian Federal Elections	6
Influence of Australian Asylum Policy by Populism on Muslim Immigration	6
Conclusion	7
References	8
Introduction
This is an essay based on the populism of Australia and Australian asylum policy. In the article, different causes of populism in Australia are going to be discussed. Australia treats refugees in two very different ways. That is why, for a long time, Australia has been on top in bringing some of the most vulnerable refugees in the world from overseas and supporting them to settle in Australia. Therefore, the committee has a high-value today when it is harder for refugees to find protection in a safe country.
However, this has been seen that Australia's treatment of refugees who are seeking protection is now leading the world otherwise. Australia's most punitive policies aim to deter vulnerable people from seeking safety. This essay explains Australia's complex and ever-changing asylum policy. In this essay, the concept of Australian asylum policy has been discussed and its various effects on the populism of Australia. 
Definition of Populism
Populism refers to a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who think that their concerns are disregarded by establishing potential groups. Populism is defined as a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of the people and often juxtapose this group against the elite. The term was coined in the 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties and movements since that time (Sengul, 2019). It has rarely been chosen as a self-description.
A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach. This defines populism as an ideology, which presents the people as a morally right force and contrasts them against the elite who are portrayed as corrupt and self-serving. Populists differ in terms of class, ethnic and national lines. Populist typically represents the elite as comprising the political, economic, media and cultural establishment. This is generally depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing its own interest.
Other scholars of the social sciences have defined the term populism differently. Some economists used the term in reference to governments, which engage in substantial public spending financed by foreign loans that are resulting in hyperinflation and emergency measures (Grasso, 2020). When in office in liberal democracies populists have mostly been responsible for democratic backsliding.
Concept of Australian Asylum Policy
Seeking asylum in Australia or elsewhere is not illegal. Instead, it is a human right. All humans are authorised to protect their human rights. Especially the privilege of seeking asylum based on their choices. This is absolutely regardless of where or how they have come to Australia or in any other country. Since 1992, Australia has had a mandatory policy of detention that includes all non-citizens without a valid visa to be detained until they are granted an access to live in the country otherwise can simply leave the country (Labonte & Baum, 2020).
The data assessment shows that over the last few decades, more than half of a million refugees and other displaced persons were accepted in Australia. Australia is the only country in the world with a policy of mandatory detention and efficient offshore processing of asylum seekers who arrive without a valid visa. Asylum seekers are not counted as a part of Australia’s official migration until they are processed and have protection visas granted. This protection visa is for people who are engaged in Australia's protection obligations and who have not arrived in Australia as an illegal maritime arrival or unauthorised air arrival (Labonte & Baum, 2020).
People are eligible for this kind of visa if they are refugees, as defined by the Refugee's Convention, or eligible if they meet the Complementary Protection Criteria, as mentioned in the Migration Act 1958. This is a permanent visa, which allows people to live and work in Australia as a permanent resident and has a good access to Medicare and Centrelink services. The offshore resettlement program has three categories: those are Refugees, Special Humanitarian and Community Support Program (CSP). The CSP began in July 2017 and allowed refugees to be resettled with support from individuals, businesses or community groups (Verbeek & Zaslove, 2017).

Answer one of the following five questions. Your answer should be in the form of an essay of approximately 2000 words, excluding the reference list (Harvard style). You should refer to at least ten...

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