Chemistry Project, scientific type paper. Instructions below. You can choose from the three options, you only pick one option, but the definitions/instructions are long. Quantum and Nuclear Chemistry...any topic, like Nuclear Medicine studies, radiation, etc.
Semester 2 Honors Chemistry Project, Part 4 PICK ONE OPTION BELOW Project In this part of your project, submit your final report, paper, or proposal for scoring. Directions 1. Open the fourth part of your assignment by clicking the icon on the right. 2. You may wish to review the description of the project option you have selected: Option A: Original Investigation and Report Option B: Research Review, Opinion, or Perspective Paper Option C: Engineering Solution Proposal _______________________________________________________ Option A Plan and conduct an original investigation that includes a scientific experiment. Then write a report that summarizes your problem, related research, experimental design, results (data), conclusions, and references. Subject of Project: Bulk Properties and Particle Forces Your investigation should provide evidence that relates the structure of substances at the bulk scale to the strength of electric forces between particles. In the real world, you generally do not encounter a single particle of a substance. Instead, you find many particles within a bulk sample of that substance. These particles interact with one another through electric forces (intermolecular forces) that vary in strength from one substance to the next. Attractive forces between nonpolar molecules are weaker than forces between polar molecules, which are weaker than forces between oppositely charged ions within a bulk sample. And, as with breaking chemical bonds, it takes energy to separate particles held together by electric forces. The stronger the attractive force, the more energy it takes to break it. The breaking and forming of these intermolecular "bonds" determine the state of matter a substance takes. This means that variations in the strength of intermolecular forces acting on the particle scale can affect properties of substances on the bulk scale. Some notable examples involve how substances behave when they absorb and release energy during a change of state. Others involve interactions among particles at the boundary between two samples of matter in different states. Properties such as melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension all have to do with changes or differences in the arrangement of particles within a solid, liquid, or gas. And electric forces between particles affect these states of matter in different ways. Procedure Part 1: Select a topic that interests you and is related to the subject described in the "Subject of Project" section. Begin a literature search using scientific journals. You will need to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources of the articles you reference. Your topic choice, the problem you want to investigate, and an annotated list of two or three appropriate sources will be due for this part of the project. Due Date: Submit part 1 of your project on the day you take the unit 1 test. Part 2: Conduct a more thorough scientific literature review. As you read an article, take notes on the author's hypothesis, experimental methods, data, and conclusions. A summary of the scientific literature will be due for this part of the project, and it will be included in the research paper to be submitted at the end of the semester. Due Date: Submit part 2 of your project on the day you take the unit 2 test. Part 3: Form a hypothesis to test, and develop ideas for how to test it. Then write a plan for completing your project. Use the information in your literature review to get ideas for an experiment you might conduct. The project plan due for this part must include an outline of your final report and the design for an experiment that includes the following items: A hypothesis A list of materials to be used during the experiment A list of all the variables: independent variables, dependent variables, constants, and controls A step-by-step procedure that includes at least three replications of each treatment Data tables Due Date: Submit part 3 of your project on the day you take the unit 3 test. Part 4: Write a report summarizing all the research for your project. Your report should follow APA style for writing a scientific report. _______________________________________________________ Option B Evaluate a scientific claim, based on your findings from a thorough review of scientific literature. Write a research review, opinion, or perspective paper that summarizes and analyzes the research and conclusions. Subject of Project: Molecular Structure and Medicine Your research should include examples of recent scientific investigations regarding one or more medicines whose molecular structure has been designed to interact with specific target molecules in living things. One purpose of this type of research is to find out what has been done and what data and conclusions have been reported. You will need to compare the findings of different researchers. Another purpose is to analyze the validity of the data and conclusions or to argue for or against claims (predictions) that have been made based on the data. You will need to evaluate the reasoning behind a claim to decide whether you think the empirical evidence supports or refutes the claim. Such reviews are an essential part of the process of science. The body is made up of molecules with structures that determine the specific function they have in keeping a living thing alive and healthy. Biological molecules called proteins can have specific shapes that fit like a lock and key with other molecules, called ligands, to activate them. Not only are their shapes important, but so are their polarities. Intermolecular forces help determine whether the two molecules fit together perfectly at the binding site. There are many kinds of proteins that depend on the perfect fit of a binding site with a ligand. Proteins called enzymes, once activated, can speed up important chemical reactions that support living systems. When deactivated, enzymes can prevent certain chemical reactions from continuing when their products are no longer needed or have become harmful. Proteins called receptors have binding sites that can receive and bind to only certain kinds of ligands to activate a variety of functions. The binding of the ligand to the receptor site can open or close gates that direct certain chemicals into or out of a cell. They can also activate or stop the production of chemical signals called hormones, which direct activities and growth in the body. For each kind of protein, both shape and polarity determine which ligand can bind with a binding site. Medicines can be designed to target specific proteins or their ligands and change or repair their functioning. Some medicines work by mimicking the shape and polarity of the ligand. Others work by mimicking the shape and polarity of the protein's binding site. To design a medicine, pharmaceutical scientists must understand exactly how the molecules fit together. They look at the specific functional groups that determine the kinds of intermolecular forces that affect them. By altering the shape and polarity of a molecule, they can design it to bind more tightly with the target site. Procedure Part 1: Select a topic that interests you and is related to the subject described in the "Subject of Project" section. Begin a literature search using scientific journals. You will need to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources of the articles you reference. Your topic choice, the problem you want to investigate, and an annotated list of two or three appropriate sources will be due for this part of the project. Due Date: Submit part 1 of your project on the day you take the unit 1 test. Part 2: Conduct a more thorough scientific literature review. As you read an article, take notes on the author's hypothesis, experimental methods, data, and conclusions. A summary of the scientific literature will be due for this part of the project, and it will be included in the paper to be submitted at the end of the semester. Due Date: Submit part 2 of your project on the day you take the unit 2 test. Part 3: Write a plan for completing your project. Organize the information in your literature review in a logical order. You may take one or more of the following approaches: Summarizing scientific research that has been done on your topic and outlining your goals for researching the topic Presenting and arguing the validity of opinions (claims about the research methods and conclusions) Describing your perspectives about research that has been done, should be done, or both The project plan due for this part must include a detailed outline of your paper. Due Date: Submit part 3 of your project on the day you take the unit 3 test. Part 4: Write a final paper summarizing the research related to your topic. In your paper, outline your goals for the research, describe the research methods applied to scientific investigations related to the claim, and analyze the claim and results (data), conclusions, and references. Your paper should follow APA style for scientific writing. _______________________________________________________ Option C Design an engineering solution or a simulation that tests a solution. Write an engineering research proposal that describes your goals and the steps that must be taken to reach them. Subject of Project: Equilibrium Systems Your engineering solution should involve refining the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium. For chemical systems in dynamic equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions happen at the same rate. That means that reactants are always turning into products, and products are always turning into reactants. The system remains at equilibrium as long as conditions do not change: no energy is added or removed, volume and temperature remain constant, and no matter (reactant or product) is added to or removed from the system. A change in any one of these factors will upset equilibrium. But according to Le Châtelier's principle, the system will eventually adjust itself back to equilibrium. However, this new equilibrium will be shifted from the original state. The shift will produce either more products or more reactants. Using the engineering design process, you will apply Le Châtelier's principle to a system involving one or more reversible chemical reactions that reach dynamic equilibrium. Your research should analyze what happens in the system at the macroscopic and molecular levels. And your design should include one or more ways to increase product formation, such as by adding reactants or removing products. Procedure Part 1: Select a topic that interests you and is related to the subject described in the "Subject of Project" section. Begin a literature search using scientific and engineering journals. You will need to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources of the articles you reference. Your topic choice, the problem you want to investigate, and an annotated list of two or three appropriate sources will be due for this part of the project. Due Date: Submit part 1 of your project on the day you take the unit 1 test. Part 2: Conduct a more thorough review of scientific and engineering literature related to your topic. As you read an article, take notes on the author's goals, methods, and conclusions. A summary of the literature review will be due for this part of the project, and it will be part of the proposal you submit at the end of the semester. Due Date: Submit part 2 of your project on the day you take the unit 2 test. Part 3: Research the engineering design process and develop a detailed plan for completing your project. Use the information gathered in your literature review to get ideas for an engineering solution you might propose. The project plan due for this part must include an outline of your engineering research proposal. If you are able to carry out your proposal, include in the plan that you submit to your teacher a description of the steps you will take and the materials you will use. Due Date: Submit part 3 of your project on the day you take the unit 3 test. Part 4: Write an engineering research proposal for the solution. In your paper, you will summarize your goals for the research, describe research methods applied to scientific investigations related to the claim, and analyze the claim and results (data), conclusions, and references. Your paper should follow APA style for scientific writing. If you are able to carry out your proposal, include the results of your testing in your paper.