During vigorous exercise, a buffer system consisting of lactic acid and sodium lactate is produced in the muscle cells and released into circulation. (a) Calculate the concentration of lactate in the...

During vigorous exercise, a buffer system consisting of lactic acid and sodium lactate is produced in the muscle cells and released into circulation.

(a) Calculate the concentration of lactate in the blood plasma (pH= 7.40) if the concentration of lactic acid in the blood is 1.50µM. {The pKa for lactic acid is 4.76}.

(b) How is NADH recycled to NAD⁺when oxygen is a limiting factor during

vigorous exercise?

(c) Indicate the biochemical transformation that occurs in (b) above when aerobic conditions are restored during the resting state.