Cooper, CoryU5 Assignment 1CS-213 1. (3pts) What are the three views of the file system present by the textbook? 2. (3pts) What are the serial I/O connection protocols to connect hard-drives? 3....

Cooper, Cory    U5 Assignment 1    CS-213
1. (3pts) What are the three views of the file system present by the textbook?
2. (3pts) What are the serial I/O connection protocols to connect hard-drives?
3. (4pts) What is the difference between a traditional HDD and an SSD?
4. (8pts) Define logical blocks? What is the typical logical block size? What do Logical blocks accomplish? What are the logical blocks mapped to on the hard-disk platter?
5. (4pts) What are the two benefits of managing (scheduling) disk I/O request?
6. (4pts) What are the four components a process needs to transfer data to/from the disk?
7. (4pts) What would be the default choice of disk scheduling algorithms?
8. (4pts) Which of the scheduling algorithms would be used by an SSD? Explain why we would not need the others?
9. (6pts) Since today some of these decisions on effective search have been placed in the disk controller hardware, why would we still be concerned about the choice of the algorithm from an OS perspective?
10. (4pts) What process divides the hard-disk tracks into sectors? What are the three parts of the data structure and what is contained in each? Additional Reference: http://www.dewassoc.com/kbase/hard_drives/hard_disk_sector_structures.htm
11. (5pts) How does an Error Correcting Code work? What does the result of the ECC check indicate? What can the ECC results be used for in a soft error? What would happen in a hard error for sectors? (later in the chapter)
12. (4pts) What does partitioning a disk accomplish? What does logical formatting accomplish?
13. (5pts) What is a cluster? How does it relate to the hard-drive blocks (sectors)? What are the two advantages of using clusters?
14. (4pts) Describe the concept of a raw disk? What would be the purpose of using the raw disk?
15. (4pts) What are the functions of the bootstrap program? Where is it located?
16. (6pts) What are the advantages of using ROM for the initial startup? What is the disadvantage of using ROM? What is the compromise that uses the harddisk?
17. (8pts) Describe the boot(ing) process in Windows? Be sure to include:
ROM
Boot Partition
Boot Sector
Master Boot Record (MBR)
18. (6pts) What is a bad block? How are bad blocks and head crashes related (earlier in the chapter)?
19. (8pts) Describe the concept of Swap Space and Swap space management? What is the goal of swap space management? Why would it be better to overestimate swap space need vs. underestimation?
20. (6pts) What two locations could the swap space be located? What partition structure does the underlying disk have for each location? What is the advantage and disadvantage of each?
U5A2
1. (6pts) The two distinct parts of a file system are the file and the directory structure?
· What is a file?
· What is a directory?
· What is the role of each?
2. (4pts) What is a text file? Give an example?
3. (4pts) What is a source file? Give an example?
4. (4pts) What is an executable file? Give an example?
5. (5pts) What is a file Attribute? Identify each of these attributes in Figure 10.1. Why do you think the value for the Identifier is not typically shown in the User interface?
· Name
· Type
· Location
· Size
· Protection
· Time
· Date
· User Information
·
6. (6pts) What is the purpose of the OS open-file table? How is a file-reference in the table? What operations would work with a closed file and be responsible for adding the files they wish to manipulate into the open-file table?
7. (6pts) What are the two levels of Open-file tables? What is stored in each? Describe the hierarchical relationship between the two tables? How does the open() function work with the first file and how does it work with the second or greater open() from another process?
8. (5pts) Describe each of these in the Open-file Table
· File Pointer
· File-open Count
· Disk Location
· Access Rights
9. (5pts) What is a shared-file lock? How many processes can have this lock? What is an exclusive lock? How many processes can have this lock?
10. (4pts) What is an advisory lock? What is a mandatory lock?
11. (5pts) What is sequential access to the contents of a file? What is direct access to the contents of a file? Which would be better for relational databases with Fields, Records, and Tables? Explain.
12. (4pts) What is the volume? What is a Directory?  Give an example of each?
13. (6pts) What are the six directory operations and give an example of each?
14. (5pts) What is added to a single-level directory structure to make a two-level directory structure? How does the Master-File Directory (MFD) use to get access to the User File Directory (UFD)? What is the advantage and disadvantage of this structure?
·
15. (5pts) What is a tree-structure directory? What is the advantage and disadvantage of this structure?
16. (4pts) What is the absolute path? What is the relative path? Given an example of each.
17. (4pts) What problem for the tree structure does an Acyclic-Graph structure solve?
18. (4pts) What is garbage collection? How is performed on an acyclic-graph?
19. (5pts) Name and describe the three remote file sharing methods?
20. (9pts) Explain the consistency Semantics for
· Files Sessions
· Session Semantics
· Immutable-Shared Semantics
U6 A1
1. (3pts) I/O transfers between memory and disk are performed in units of ___________? How does this block size relate to the sector size of the hard disk?
The input output transfers are performed in the form of blocks of the sectors. It is generally 512 bytes. The device drivers are used for controlling the physical device. They are able to manage the input output devices at the input output control marriage layer. It can translate the disk information to the operating system information. It shows the output low level hardware specific commands to the hardware controller.
2. (4pts) What does a filesystem provide? Describe the two problems when designing a file system? Give an example of each
The most important purpose of having the file system is to manage the user data. It includes different operations like storing, updating and retrieving the data. Some of the file system except the data to store them as the stream of bytes which is collected and stored in the efficient manner for the media. The problems which are resulting in the traditional file environment data redundancy which shows the duplicate data in multiple files and it relates to the data inconsistency. It has different values which are used for the same attribute. It also has the problem of program data dependency. If there are changes in the program which needs changes in their data then it can be a problem. There will be lack of flexibility.
3. (10pts) Describe each of the layers in the Layered File system from Figure 11.1? What is used to communicate with the adjacent layers? Give an example of Each?
· Example answer for the application programs: The Application layer contains each of the programs the user or the system interacts with. Above this layer, the inputs and outputs are usually to/from a user interface, like the command line or a GUI. The application will use the file commands (Open, Append, Close etc.) to interact with the logical file system. An example application would be MS Office Word.
Application program is used as a high-level language interface for the files with which the user can interact and supply the programs. It allows to have common access methods like sequential, indexed sequential and random. The logical file system is used to map the symbolic names with the locations of file. File organization module is used for allocating and managing the file space. Flat file system provides the basic facilities for accessing the file. The input output control is used for device drivers and the interrupt handlers. The devices are the disk on which files are stored in the system.
4. (3pts) What are the file systems for each of these Operating Systems?
· Unix – UFS, FFS
· Windows – FAT, FAT32
· Linux – more than 40 types of file system
5. (4pts) Describe each of the following:
· Boot Control Block - it has all the information which is required for...