the question is in the files
Final Project PS 3780 Data Literacy & Visualization, Autumn 2021 Due Date: Monday, December 13, 2021 at 11:59 p.m. Final Project Description This is an individual assignment. Your �nal project for this class involves answering an interesting question or testing an interesting theory using data visualization. In the �nal paper, you will do the following: 1. State the question or theory explicitly and explain why you �nd it interesting in the introduction. 2. State one or up to three hypotheses that you derive from your theory to make empirical test. 3. Explain why the data you examine will help you to test your hypothesis/-es. De- scribe the data and where you obtained them, what (if anything) you did to reformat or transform them, how you analyzed them, and what they told you. 4. Create and include at least two (2) unique visualizations (maximum of 4). For maximum credit, at least two (2) visualizations should be made using R. All visu- alizations should be made using programs or websites that we learned in this class. (A list is included below; this does not include Excel). 5. What do you know that you did not know before? Does the answer raise further questions that might be worth investigating? If so, describe them brie�y. I anticipate the text portion of papers to be 3 - 4 pages long (before adding visualizations), double-space, no smaller than 11-point type and 1-inch margins, with in text visualiza- tions (but no larger than 1/4-page each), though succinct writers may take less space and those with more complex problems or answers may take more. Papers should be professional in quality: page numbers, formatting, and paper organization all count, with citations either in text or in footnotes with a works cited page at the end. (Works cited pages do not count toward the total page count.) Unless you collected the data yourself, be sure to cite your data sources! Due to the University's strict timeline for �nal grades, no extensions can be o�ered except in case of genuine emergency. We look forward to receiving your best e�ort by 11:59 p.m. on August 2. You will submit the �nal paper to Carmen as well as the .csv �le(s) of your data and any R code that you used to generate the visualizations within your paper. 1 Tips for Moving Forward Imagine the Would-be World Given the hypotheses that you have proposed, imagine the state of the world that would exist if the hypotheses were true as well as the state of the world where the opposite (your alternative hypotheses so to speak) was true. What evidence would be seen in both cases? Having such expectations will not only help you �nd appropriate data to test your hypotheses but also give you the hints about whether your original hypotheses are favored by the empirical evidence from visualization. Collect Data Use your hypotheses from above to begin searching for data. For this part of the project, focus in particular on specifying how you will measure the di�erent variables speci�ed by your hypothesis/-es. For example, if your argument is that democracies do not �ght one another, you will need to �gure out how you will measure both democracy and international con�ict. Once you have accomplished this, you can begin searching for and collecting data on these variables. Toward this end, it may help you to do the following: 1. Write a paragraph explaining what the relevant variables for your question are, being as speci�c as possible (including the relevant time frame for your question, the relevant states/countries, etc.). 2. Find and download data measuring all of the variables needed to answer your research question. Save this data as a .csv �le or �les. 3. Explain why the data you found will help you answer the question. Here you should describe the data in detail and defend your decision to use it by explaining why it is relevant to the question and why you trust it to be credible information. Make sure you answer these questions: Where do the data come from? What do they tell us generally? What is and is not measured? How is it measured? Analyze the Data & Create Visualizations Now that you have your data, you can begin cleaning and analyzing it. To learn more about your data, I suggest using R to do any or all of the following: 1. Reformat or transform the data if necessary. 2. Do basic descriptive statistics in R, including: mean(), median(), summary(), length(), and table () as appropriate for your speci�c dataset and variables of interest. Approved tools for creating visualizations: R World Bank Databank Google Ngram 2 DataWrapper Gapminder Write Up Your Results Work all of the above into a �nal narrative that includes your question/theory, the reasons for which you �nd it interesting, your hypothesis/-es, your data, your analysis, your visualization(s), and the results. Be succinct. Too often, college students learn to pad papers in order to reach high page limits. The suggested page length is meant to help you un-learn that habit and get right to the point. 3