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Contents
Section 1: Guiding Questions    10
How did the populist and progressive movements bring about an overall more democratic culture in politics, gender roles, and the economy?    10
Why did the post-WWI years bring economic growth and cultural revival, as well as tension and conflict?    10
What factors led to a massive expansion in the size and scope of the federal government in the inter-war years? What new roles did the government take on?    11
How did conflicts in Europe and Asia in the first half of the 20th century lead to an expansion of America’s role in the world?    12
How did World War I and World War II bring change to the African American community and lay the groundwork for the future civil rights movement?    12
Section 2: Important Terms, Events and People    14
1.    Waving the bloody shirt    14
2.    Gilded Age    14
3.    Pendleton Act    14
4.    Sherman Antitrust Act    15
5.    Omaha Platform    15
6.    Free silver    16
7.    Lochner v. New York    16
8.    Newlands Reclamation Act    16
9.    Wisconsin Idea    17
10.    Recall    17
11.    Referendum    17
12.    National Child Labor Committee    18
13.    Muller v. Oregon    18
14.    National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)    18
15.    Industrial Workers of the World    19
16.    New Nationalism    19
17.    Federal Reserve Act    19
18.    Clayton Antitrust Act    20
19.    Mary E. Lease    20
20.    William Jennings Bryan    20
21.    Theodore Roosevelt    20
22.    Robert La Follete    21
23.    Louis Brandeis    21
24.    W.E.B. Du Bois    21
25.    Eugene V. Debs    22
26.    American exceptionalism    22
27.    “Remember the Maine”    22
28.    Teller Amendment    22
29.    Insular Cases    23
30.    Platt Amendment    23
31.    Open door policy    23
32.    Root-Takahira Agreement    24
33.    Panama Canal    24
34.    Roosevelt Corollary    25
35.    Zimmerman telegram    25
36.    War Industries Board    26
37.    National War Labor Board    26
38.    Committee on Public Information    26
39.    Sedition Act of 1918    27
40.    Great Migration    27
41.    National Woman’s Party    28
42.    Fourteen Points    28
43.    League of Nations    28
44.    Treaty of Versailles    29
45.    Alfred Mahan    29
46.    Queen Liliouokalani    29
47.    Emilio Aguinaldo    30
48.    Porfirio Diaz    30
49.    Woodrow Wilson    30
50.    Herbert Hoover:    31
51.    Alice Paul    31
52.    Red Scare    31
53.    Palmer raids    32
54.    Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom    32
55.    Teapot Dome    33
56.    Dollar diplomacy    33
57.    Prohibition    33
58.    American Civil Liberties Union    34
59.    Scopes trial    34
60.    National Origins Act    34
61.    Ku Klux Klan    35
62.    Harlem Renaissance    35
63.    Jazz    35
64.    Universal Negro Improvement Association    36
65.    Pan-Africanism    36
66.    Lost Generation    36
67.    Consumer Credit    37
68.    Flapper    37
69.    Palmer Raids    37
70.    Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti    38
71.    Henry Ford    38
72.    Leo Frank    39
73.    Zora Neale Hurston    39
74.    Louis Armstrong    39
75.    Marcus Garvey    40
76.    Smoot-Hawley Tariff- The Smoot    40
77.    Bonus Army-    40
78.    Fireside Chats-    41
79.    Hundred Days-    41
80.    Glass-Steagall Act    41
81.    Father Charles Coughlin    42
82.    Frances Perkins    42
83.    Eleanor Roosevelt    42
84.    Huey Long    43
85.    Fascism    43
86.    National Socialist (Nazi) Party    44
87.    Rome-Berlin Axis    44
88.    Neutrality Act of 1935    45
89.    Munich Conference    45
90.    Committee to Defend America By Aiding the Allies    45
91.    America First Committee    46
92.    Four Freedoms    46
93.    Lend-Lease Act    47
94.    Atlantic Charter    47
95.    Pearl Harbor    47
96.    War Powers Act    48
97.    Revenue Act    48
98.    Code talkers    49
99.    Executive Order 8802    49
100.    Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)    49
101.    Agricultural Adjustment Act    50
102.    National Recovery Administration    50
103.    Public Works Administration    50
104.    Civilian Conservation Corps    51
105.    Federal Housing Administration    51
106.    Securities and Exchange Commission    51
107.    Liberty League    51
108.    National Association of Manufacturers    52
109.    Townsend Plan    52
110.    Welfare state    52
111.    Wagner Act    52
112.    Social Security Act    53
113.    Works Progress Administration    53
114.    Keynesian economics    53
115.    Indian Reogranization Act    54
116.    Dust bowl    54
117.    Tennessee Valley Authority    54
118.    Rural Electrification Administration    54
119.    Herbet Hoover    55
120.    Franklin Delano Roosevelt    55
121.    Father Charles Coughlin    55
122.    Huey Long    55
123.    Frances Perkins    56
124.    Eleanor Roosevelt    56
125.    Fascism    56
126.    National Socialist (Nazi) Party    57
127.    Rome-Berlin Axis    57
128.    Neutrality Act of 1935    57
129.    Munich Conference    57
120.    Committee to Defend America By Aiding the Allies    58
130.    Zoot suits    58
131.    Executive Order 9066    58
132.    D-Day    59
133.    Holocaust    59
134.    Manhattan Project    59
135.    Benito Mussolini    60
136.    Adolf Hitler    60
137.    Hideki Tojo    60
138.    Charles A. Lindbergh    61
139.    Winston Churchill    61
140.    Harry S. Truman    61
141.    Gordon Hirabayashi    62
142.    Dwight D. Eisenhower    62
References    63
Section 1: Guiding Questions
How did the populist and progressive movements bring about an overall more democratic culture in politics, gender roles, and the economy?
The populist and progressive movements had a great role in ensuring that politics, ender roles and the economy was democratized (Wells, Sherborne & Stone, 2011). This was mainly due to the topics that the progressive movements had focused on. They focused mainly on female suffrage, education and urbanization and child labour as well. By ensuring that the women had been able to vote, and focusing on the suffragette movement, the democratic principles of gender roles was focused on. Since a large part of the progressive and populist movement had started from the common people, it focused on ensuring that everyone had equal rights, and the laws of the country reflected that.
The progressive movements consisted of a number of protests, many of which were often thought of as radical, in order to achieve equality before the law and in politics for the common people (Hillenbrand, 2014). It was through this protest, and the spreading of information and meetings, that the movement had been able to achieve the democratic culture in terms of politics and the economy. The movement pressured the government into passing laws in favour of the common people, and that was the main way in which most of their aims had been achieved.
Why did the post-WWI years bring economic growth and cultural revival, as well as tension and conflict?
The main reason for the increasing economic growth in the country was due to the rise in petroleum. Efficient methods if extracting petroleum, and new ways of using them, led to an increase in the economic growth. As with most countries, economic growth often led to cultural growth and revival. A majority of Asia and the African continent had been controlled by Europe and America, and this led to an increase in the revenue for the countries as well. However, politically, this was the age in which communism in Russia was on the rise. With the increase in economic growth, there was also a rising disparity (Stokesbury, 2007). Many countries that were controlled or conquered were fighting and demanding their freedom, which also led to increase tensions in the world as well. This was the time when most of the major areas of the world, such as Britain and France, were having their powers threatened, and the Ottoman empire, along with the USSR was falling steadily (Stokesbury, 2007). This was due to the increasing tensions, and the political instability and growth in economy led to a rise in tensions, which also ultimately led to the Great Depression, which also caused a significant amount of conflict and issues.
What factors led to a massive expansion in the size and scope of the federal government in the inter-war years? What new roles did the government take on?
The main reason for the expansion in the size and scope of the federal government would have been the rise in America as a superpower, along with the Great depression. After World War 1 and 2, and the great depression, the American people had recognized the need for a stronger central government which is why most people voted on the same (Zinn, 2003). Due to the drastic effects of the depression, and the effect of the War on the United States and the people, most progressive movements were in favour of one government at the centre, since this posed as a unification strategy for the country as well.
It was during this period that the federal government became more responsible for the economy of the country, and in charge of some of the most important foreign policies as well. It also meant that the primary source of funding was the federal government (Arnold-Forster, 2001). The role of balancing the corporates and the stock market also fell on the federal government, since they had to ensure that the US economy would not fall again. The federal; government took on more legislative and judicial roles, as well as taking on the role of funding and national security.
How did conflicts in Europe and Asia in the first half of the 20th century lead to an expansion of America’s role in the world?
Since the conflicts in Europe and Asia consisted mainly of freedom struggles from various conquered countries since as India and Ireland, the production value of many of these countries dropped significantly. This led to an increased demand that the United States of America was able to step up and fulfil, which led to the expansion of America’s role in the world. A large part of America consisted of farmers and common man, and the effect of the industrial revolution could still be felt in the country (Roberts & Westad, 2014). As the cotton export from India diminished drastically, the need for American cotton increased. There were also a large number of slaves being brought in to perform labour in the country as well, which led to an increase in the production capacity of the country.
Thus, due to the increasing conflicts in the countries, the United States of America got a chance to become the producers of the world, and because of the industrial revolution, they were on the forefront of the manufacturing process as well (Stokesbury, 2007). This would have been the primary reason that the country was able to expand in the role that was present for them in the world.
How did World War I and World War II bring change to the African American community and lay the groundwork for the future civil rights movement?
During The first World War, there was severe racism and discrimination against the black people who had been fighting for the United States of America. However, the constant service in the army was a tool of empowerment for many African-American soldiers, and this was the main reason that they came back home and demanded that they too have equal rights in the country.
The fighting against all sorts of fascism provided a stark contrast to the racial disparities and fascism that existed in the United States of America. It was during the second world war that president Franklin Roosevelt banned racial segregation in the defence sector, which meant that for the first time in America, there was no segregation (Marr, 2013). Thus, a large section of the Black People, went to war feeling equal to the Whites, and came back and decided that life without segregation was possible, which pivoted the Civil rights Movement into centre stage (Hillenbrand, 2014). After the Second World War, the segregation that was rampantly present in the United States of America became centre stage in world politics, and caused a public embarrassment for the country, which is also one of the reasons that the Civil rights Movement succeeded.
Section 2: Important Terms, Events and People
1. Waving the bloody shirt
In the American race battles in the nineteenth century, "waving the Bloody shirt" was an expression used to scorn restricting government officials who made passionate calls to retaliate for the blood of the northern troopers that passed on in the Civil War. The pejorative was most utilized against Republicans, who were blamed for utilizing the memory of the Civil War further bolstering their political good fortune (Roberts & Westad, 2014). The expression picked up ubiquity with an imaginary episode in which Representative and previous Union general Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts, when delivering a discourse on the floor of the U.S. Place of Representatives, purportedly held up a shirt recoloured with the blood of a carpetbagger whipped by the Ku Klux Klan amid the Reconstruction Era.
2. Gilded Age
The late 19th century in the United States of America was often called the Gilded age, and this was an important part of the history of the country (Wells, Sherborne & Stone, 2011). It was derived from The Gilded Age: A tale of today, which was the primary work of the renowned author Mark Twain. The beginning of this age was after the America n Civil War and was followed by the progressive era as well. This was a period of rapid economic growth and the wages of the workers in this age increased greatly.
3. Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States administrative law sanctioned in 1883 that commanded that situations inside the government ought to be granted based on legitimacy rather than political association (Hillenbrand, 2014). The demonstration gave choice of government representatives by aggressive tests, as opposed to connections to lawmakers or political alliance. To uphold the legitimacy framework and the legal framework, the law additionally made the United States Civil Service Commission (Stokesbury, 2007). This board would be responsible for deciding the standards and guidelines of the demonstration. This was one of the most important acts passed in that year, and made sure that elections were free and fair.
4. Sherman Antitrust Act
This was law that was passed by the government to regulate competition in the market, and to ensure that there was no one company that would have a monopoly over the market. The law is prohibitive of anticompetitive agreements, which have been made in many organizations to ensure that the raw material that they receive is only received by them, so that the competition in the market does not exist (Remini, 2009). Monopoly of the market in any way is also prohibited by this trust. This was one of the most important laws related to the business world that was passed by the government, and ensured a free and fair market for every company.
5. Omaha Platform
The goal of the Omaha Platform was to increase the coinage of silver to gold at a 16:1 ratio. The Omaha Platform suggested a federal loans system so that farmers could get the money they needed. The platform also called for the elimination of private banks. The platform required a system of federal storage facilities for the farmers' crops. The objective was to allow the farmers to control the pricing of their products (McPherson, 2013). The Omaha Platform made a special taxing system for them so that they would have to pay taxes depending on how much money they made. They also asked for an eight-hour workday and the direct election of senators, as opposed to them being elected by state legislatures.
6. Free silver
This was a major economic policy that had been introduced in the late 19th Century in America. The main goal was to ensure that there was unlimited coinage in America, and thus, the monetary policy of the country would be freed and diluted (Marr, 2013). The supporters of this system wanted a ration of silver to dollar coins, that was based on the value and weight of the same as well. This was mainly based on the economic conditions of the market at the same time, and this was made during the depression-era, which meant to deflate the prices in the market.
7. Lochner v. New York
Lochner v. New York was a major labour law case in the United States of America and was passed by the Supreme Court in 1905 (Hillenbrand, 2014). This was seen as a landmark case, not in a positive sense, since it was the beginning of the Supreme Court striking down state and federal laws that propagated the health and welfare of the employees. The Court stated that employee could be allowed to work for as long as they pleased, since a ban on this would be in violation of the fourteenth amendment.
8. Newlands Reclamation Act
This is a federal law that allowed for the centre to fund irrigation projects in 20 states in the west of America. The construction and maintenance of irrigation projects would benefit farmers in the states, which was one of the major reasons for the act being passed. In the beginning, only 13 states had been considered for the Act, but later on many states, such as Texas were added as well (Hillenbrand, 2014). Land that was irrigated by these projects could be sold, and the funds would be put into more irrigation projects.
9. Wisconsin Idea
This was a law that was passed in Wisconsin and provided for the contribution of public universities to the Government. It held that the research of the university should be used in a manner that is benefiting the state, and by default, the country as well. The research from the university, according to the law, would be used to improve public resources, such as health and education. The service would not just be to the government, but by default to the common people of the state (Arnold-Forster, 2001). This was seen as revolutionary and democratic, which meant that many states had followed in Wisconsin’s footsteps to enact such practices as well.
10. Recall
The recall refers to the Japanese retreat and the documentation signalling Japanese retreat from the war and the end of the war as such. The recall is an important achievement in the Second World War, since Japan was one of the United States of America’s strongest enemies. The recall of Japan from the war happened after the country was bombed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the significant destruction of people of Japan (Stokesbury, 2001). This is one of the most important moments in the history of the country, since it ensures that the war ended, and the peace treaty was signed.
11. Referendum
A Referendum is a direct vote that is put in when the entire electorate is allowed to vote on a paper. In most sense of the term, this has been used in ensuring that a new law, which might be revolutionary, is passed directly, without any issue (Zinn, 2003). One of the major Referendum of the Second World War and in the First World War, regarding the time of ending od the war, and peace referendums to make sure that such a war would not be repeated. Thus, a referendum is an important piece of document for most countries and has immense historical significance as well.
12. National Child Labor Committee
This is a private, non-profit entity in the United States of America. It was one of the major proponents of child reform laws in the country. This was fuelled by the rise of progressive and populist movements in the country as well (Hillenbrand, 2014). The mission of the National Child Labor Committee was to improve the conditions of the children and to provide education and fair wages to them as well. The headquarters were in Broadway in Manhattan and there was also a board of directors as well. It also aimed to improve the rights, awareness, well-being and dignity of the children in the United States of America.
13. Muller v. Oregon
The law in this condition was to look at whether women would have the same legal contract rights as men. The judgement held that women, due to childbearing psychology and the need to take care of children at home, would work less hours than men would. This was passed in 1908, and the Supreme Court consisted primarily of men during the time (Hillenbrand, 2014). This was an important judgement that was passed for the rights of women, or so thought during the time. It allowed for laws based on gender to come into the national front, and talks of equal work were removed after the judgement.
14. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
This is a Civil Rights organizations, which has the main goal of ensuring that people of color, especially African-Americans, have equal rights, and aim to remove discriminatory laws in the government as well (Marr, 2013). The aim of the organization is to ensure that all people, regardless of the color of skin are promoted equal rights in the country and to ensure that political, educational, social and economic rights of said people are maintained in the government as well. The headquarters of the organization are in Baltimore, Maryland, and in keeping with old traditions, it refers to the African-American population as colored people.
15. Industrial Workers of the World
This is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. This combines industrial unionism and general unionism, in order to provide workers from all over the world with the support that is required in order to achieve further rights. The organization is primarily based on the principles of socialism and was based on the anarchist and socialist labor movements in the country (Zinn, 2003). The organization, before WW1 achieved many of their demands and was extremely popular, especially in 1917, when it had around 150,000 members in the US. However, it is still one of the major labor unions in the country to this date.
16. New Nationalism
New Nationalism is a progressive philosophy that was developed by Theodore Roosevelt. This was mainly in favour of government protection for human welfare and property rights in the country as well (McPherson, 2013). Roosevelt insisted of human welfare being of the utmost importance to the government during that time, and ensured that a large number of people were effectively able to argue for more rights in the country. He insisted that the duty of the president was to ensure that the welfare of the people was placed above anything else in the country.
17. Federal Reserve Act
This is a landmark Act in the banking system, since this is the act that created the Federal Reserve in the United States of America. This is also the act that brought into creation the US Dollar as a legally binding currency in the country (Hillenbrand, 2014). It was President Woodrow Wilson who signed the bill and made this act possible. The Federal Reserve is the central of banking systems in the country, and is one of the major distributors of funds to the government of the country.
18. Clayton Antitrust Act
This was an act that aimed to cement the antitrust laws in the country, and to ensure that there were free and fair practices in the economy of the country (Stokesbury, 2007). This was an expansion of the Sherman Act, and ensured that the labour unions could demand for equal rights in the country. This act made sure that drastic price discriminations were banned, and went further to ensure that monopoly of the product in the particular market was next to impossible. It also ensured that mergers and acquisitions were fair to the workers, and increased the rights of the workers in the country.
19. Mary E. Lease
She was an American activist, and was primarily known for being an advocate of the suffragette movement, which demanded equal voting rights for women in the United States of America (Arnold-Forster, 2001). She was also a famous writer, and was known for the work she did for the People’s Party, which was a populist party. She was a democrat and the editor of major newspapers and magazines in New York. She died in New York in 1933, and was one of the most prolific women in the history of the suffragette movement.
20. William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Brian was an important part of American history. He was an American orator and politician, fighting on behalf of the democratic and republican parties as well. He believed in the faith of the people, and was elected the representative for President of the United States of America on behalf of the party 3 times (Hillenbrand, 2014). He died in 1925, and had 3 children.
21. Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt served as the 21st President of the United States of America. He was one of the most popular presidents, signing into law many historical documents in favour of the common people in the country. He is generally ranked as one of the 5 best presidents that the country has had. His face is alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington on Mount Rushmore (McPherson, 2013). He was also the youngest person to ever become president, and served 2 vice presidential terms before becoming president as well. He was also the founder of the Progressive Party in the United States.
22. Robert La Follete
Robert M. La Follette was a politician in the United States of America, and was one of the most influential senators from Wisconsin. He was a senator under the Roosevelt administration, and also ran for the post of president. He was one of the most celebrated figures in Wisconsin History, he had the support of the labor and farmer’s unions and was a socialist for most of his life (Marr, 2013). He was in office as senator from January 4, 1906 to June 18, 1925. He was born in
23. Louis Brandeis
Louis Brandeis was a Supreme Court justice in the United States of America. He was recognized as a lawyer for progressive social forces as well. He was one of the main forces behind the passing of the Right to privacy Acts, which ensured that the American people were guaranteed privacy from the government (Arnold-Forster, 2001). He was one of the greatest defendants of the Freedom of Speech law as well.
24. W.E.B. Du Bois
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a civil-rights activist, and one of the most important historians and authors to come out of the United States of America (Remini, 2009). He was the first African-American to earn a doctorate, and got his doctorate from Harvard University. He was the founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which he started in 1908.
25. Eugene V. Debs
He was the founder of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and the presidential candidate from the Socialist Party of America 5 times. He has become one of the best-known socialists working in the United States of America (Roberts & Westad, 2014). He was an early member of the democratic party and one of the founders of the American Railway Union.
26. American exceptionalism
This is a theory that holds that the United States of America is unique to other countries in the world with respect to both positive and negative views. The ideas of democracy and freedom in the country, and the views related to that, are different for the country than the rest of the world (Stokesbury, 2001). The unique idea also exists that America is in charge of saving the rest of the world, which was stated in the Gettysberg address.
27. “Remember the Maine”
This was a slogan for the Spanish-American war that was in 1898. This was because the United States of America battleship, called Maine, had mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana in Cuba. Due to the rise of yellow journalism, the American public blamed the sinking and explosion of Spain, and the president was then forced to declare war due to public pressure and pressure from the congress as well (Zinn, 2003).
28. Teller Amendment
The Teller Amendment was a change to a joint goal of the United States Congress, established on April 20, 1898, in answer to President William McKinley's War Message. It set a condition on the United States military's quality in Cuba. As per the condition, the U.S. couldn't add Cuba however just leave "control of the island to its kin." to put it plainly, the U.S. would enable Cuba to pick up autonomy and afterward pull back the entirety of its troops from the nation (Remini, 2009).
29. Insular Cases
The Insular Cases are a progression of assessments by the U.S. Preeminent Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. domains gained in the Spanish– American War. At the point when the war finished in 1898, the United States needed to address the subject of regardless of whether individuals in recently procured domains were natives, an inquiry the nation had never confronted (Wells, Sherborne & Stone, 2011). The fundamental answer originated from a progression of Supreme Court decisions, presently known as the Insular Cases, which reacted to the subject of how American established rights apply to those in United States domains. The Supreme Court held that full sacred insurance of rights does not naturally reach out to all spots under American control.
30. Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment specified seven conditions to those withdrawal of united states troops remaining for Cuba at the wind of the Spanish–American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign. An arrangement all the tolerating these seven states. It characterized the money house under Cuban–U. Relations with basically a chance to be an unequal a standout amongst the world (Stokesbury, 2007). Two of the seven promises were will permit those united states should intercede unilaterally clinched alongside Cuban affairs, and a pledge on terms of the lease territory of the united states for maritime bases on the island.
31. Open door policy
In the year 1899 and 1900 United Nations initiated a statement of principles to protect countries by giving equal privileges to all the countries that use to trade with China. This was in a statement form which was issued by American Secretary of state to the following countries: Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain, Russia and Japan. It was one of the American Foreign Policy in East Asia for more than 40 years because it was approved with universal approval. This was one of the reasons of World War too as Japan violated this policy and so in late 1945 Japan went to war with U.S. and japan was thus defeated in the war (Atwood Lawrence, 2002)
32. Root-Takahira Agreement
It was done between Japan and America by the Secretary of American State Elihu Root and Ambassador of Japan to U.S. Takahira Kogoro. This agreement was signed on 30, November 1908.  This official recognition agreement was declared because both the governments wanted to develop their development in the Pacific Ocean. Both wanted the independence of China and so wanted to end the Open door policy. Both wanted to have their own territorial possessions in the Pacific Ocean. Both the governments willingly wanted to communicate if there was any threat with the said principles. By this official agreement, U.S. recognized primacy of Japan in Manchuria and Japan understood American’s interest in colonial domination in Philippines ("Root-Takahira Agreement", 2018)
33. Panama Canal
It is a waterway of 82 km which is artificially built in Panama connecting Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. France started building the canal in 1881 but stopped the work due to problems of engineering. In 1904 U.S. took over the working and the canal was open on August 15, 1914. This canal reduces time to travel from ships between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. After Colombia and France United Stated took the control of all the territories that surrounded the Panama Canal during the construction. Now this canal is managed by the Panama Canal Authority, Panamanian Government. After the Torrijos-Carter Treaties in 1977 U.S. handover the control of the canal to Panama Government (Frenkel, 2002).
34. Roosevelt Corollary
After the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03, the President Theodore Roosevelt articulated an addition to Monroe Doctrine (policy of U.S. which opposed European Colonialism in America in 1823). This corollary stated that U.S. will interfere in the conflicts between Latin America and European Countries to legitimately claim European Powers. While keeping the doctrine Roosevelt stated that through this corollary U.S. was exercising International Police Power to end the unrest in Western Hemisphere. When the President of Venezula Cipriano Castro in 1902 refused to pay foreign debts suffered by people in Europe during civil war, Germany, Italy and Britain imposed naval blockade of few months. The arbitrary court settled the dispute in February 22, 1904 entitling payment of the claims. So, this corollary was asserted to intervene to stabilize the economic crisis.
35. Zimmerman telegram
It was published in U.S. in 1917 in January, issued from German Foreign Office. It was a secret communication that proposed the alliance of military between Mexico and Germany. It was send to the Germen Ambassador to Mexico, Heinrich Von Eckardt from Washington. The Telegram stated that if U.S. would enter World War 1 against Germany, Mexico will take the recovery of New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. This telegram was decoded by the British Intelligence. This telegram transmitted through radio, two telegraph cables. When Foreign Secretary of German Arthur Zimmermann announced on 3rd March that the telegram is genuine then Americans enraged and helped to generate support to the U.S. declaration of war on Germany (F. W., 2014)
36. War Industries Board
It was a government agency of United States which was established during World War 1 on 28 July, 1917. This board was built to coordinate between the Navy and the Army Department for the purchase of supplies of war. This was an initiative of Council of National Defense. The War Industries Board was initially led by A. Scott, and then was replaced by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad President Daniel Willard in November. Then in the month of January in 1918 Bernerd M. Baruch led the board.it had its headquarters in Washington D.C. and was dissolved on January 1, 1919. (N. Baron, Dobbin & Jennings, 1986).
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37. National War Labor Board
This United State Government agency was established on April 8, 1918 for mediating labor disputes during the World War 1. It ceased its operations on May 31st, 1919, the total number of employees were 250 at the time of operations. It had its headquarters in Washington D.C., United States. This board worked the leadership...