I need the 21 questions in the attached GEOG LAB 10 answered. I have also attached GEOG LAB 10 READER to help with answering the questions. I need this completed by tomorrow Sunday April 2, 2023 at 5 PM my time.
Microsoft Word - GEOG1106-Lab10_MassMovementKarst.docx Name: Date: Mass Movements ***Please submit only this document at the end of the lab period*** INSTRUCTIONS: Please read the lab reader before beginning this exercise. The following lab questions will be based upon the material given in the lab reader. Part I: Mass Movement Terminology and Types 1. [12%] Complete Table 1 by matching the letters from Figure 1 to a landslide definition. Figure 1. Example landslide with significant features labeled by letters. ( PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY ) Table 1. Landside terminology and definitions. Definition Name Letter (See Figure 1) The nearly undisplaced material still in place and adjacent to the highest parts of the main scarp. Crown The part of the ground overlain by the foot of the landslide. Surface of separation The portion of the landslide that has moved beyond the toe of surface of rupture and overlies the original ground surface. Foot A steep, nearly vertical upper edge caused by movement of the displaced material. A visible part of the surface of rupture. Main scarp The undisplaced material adjacent to the side of the landslide. If left and right are used, they are referenced as viewed from the crown. Right flank A steep surface on the displaced material produced by differential. movements within the material. Minor scarp The nearly horizontal, upper parts of the landslide along the contact between the displaced material and the main scarp. Head The intersection between the surface of rupture and the original ground surface. Toe of surface of rupture The slope that existed before the landslide took place. Original ground surface The displaced material overlying the surface of rupture between the main scarp and the toe of surface of rupture. Main body A landslide’s lowest end, most distant from the main scarp. Toe The surface that forms the lower boundary of the material below the original ground surface. Surface of rupture 2. [5%] What do all mass movements have in common? 3. [5%] How are development activities by humans related to mass-movement disasters? 4. [5%] What will happen to weathered material when the resistance force is less than the downslope force? 5. [5%] Why are heavy rains of particular concern in areas where mass-movement events are common? 6. [5%] Why are wildfires of particular concern in areas where mass-movement events are common? 7. [6%] Complete Table 2 by matching the letters from Figure 2 to a landslide type. Figure 2. Several landslide types with important features labeled. Table 2. Landslide types and descriptions. Landslide Type Description Letter (See Figure 2) Debris flow A form of rapid mass movement in which loose soil, rock, and organic matter combine with water to form a slurry that flows downslope. They have been informally called “mudslides.” Occasionally, a rotational or translational slide may evolve into a debris flow. Dry flows can sometimes occur in cohesionless sand. Debris flows can be deadly as they can be extremely rapid and may occur without warning. Soil creep Soil creep is the informal name for a slow earth flow. It consists of the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement of soil or rock. Movement is caused by internal shear stress sufficient to cause deformation but insufficient to cause failure. Rotational landslide A landslide on which the surface of rupture is curved like a spoon and the slide movement is rotational about an axis parallel to the slope’s contour. The mass may move coherently along the rupture surface with little internal deformation. The head of the displaced material may move almost vertically downward, and the upper surface of the displaced material may tilt backward toward the scarp. If the slide is rotational and has several parallel curved planes of movement, it is called a slump. Rockfall Falls are abrupt, downward movements of rock and/or soil that detach from steep slopes or cliffs. The material often strikes the lower slope at an angle that causes bouncing. The falling mass may break on impact, may roll, and may continue moving until the terrain flattens. Lateral spread Occurs on very gentle slopes, especially where an upper layer of strong rock or soil slides across a lower, softer layer. In rock spreads, solid ground extends and fractures, without necessarily forming a recognizable rupture surface. The underlying softer layer may squeeze upward into fractures that divide the upper layer into blocks. Translational landslide The mass in a translational landslide moves down along a planar surface with little rotational movement or backward tilting. This type of slide may progress over considerable distances if the surface of rupture is sufficiently inclined. The material in the slide may range from loose soils to slabs of rock, or both. Translational slides commonly fail along the contact between rock and soil. In northern environments the slide may also move along the permafrost layer. Part II: Triggering Mechanisms Use Table 1 from the Reader to answer the following questions regarding triggering mechanisms. 8. [2%] What country has suffered the largest number of fatalities from the mass-movement events presented in the table? 9. [2%] What were the two largest mass-movement events in terms of volume, and what was their trigger? 10. [5%] Considering your answer to question 4, explain why the following statement is either correct or incorrect: “The larger the volume of material unleashed during a mass movement event is, the greater is the number of fatalities.” 11. [5%] What Peruvian town was damaged or destroyed twice within a decade, and what would you recommend as a course of action to avoid such an impact in the future? 12. [2%] Are more deaths attributable to the “intense rainfall” trigger or the “volcanic eruption” trigger? 13. [5%] One of the human contributing variables to mass movement is deforestation. What does this activity do to a slope’s stability? Part III: Measuring Landslides We will be examining landslides using Google Earth. An example of a region where many landslides have been triggered by a single earthquake (heavy-rain can also trigger landslides) is the Kashmir Earthquake which occurred on October 8, 2005. Information on the local area is provided below: Muzaffarabad, Kashmir Latitude 34° 24’ 28" N and longitude 73° 28’ 08" E Thousands of landslides resulted due to the earthquake The government of Pakistan's official death toll was 87,350 due to the earthquake Find a landslide within this region and follow along the Google Earth guide in the reader to complete the following questions. 14. [3%] What is the location (city, county, country, any landmark, etc)? 15. [3%] Give the latitude and longitude of the location. 16. [5%] Use the "Historical Imagery" tool to see how your landslide has changed with time and provide a historical description in sequence. For example: - In 1978 terrain looked normal. No signs of mass movement. - 17. [2%] Provide approximate date for when the landslide took place. 18. [5%] Calculate the area of the landslide in both square kilometers and square meters. Obtain a an elevation profile of the terrain before and after the landslide and: 19. [10%] In the same plot, with two different colors, please sketch the calculated curves for pre and post landslide times. Use a ruler to approximate the terrain variation. Use distance in the horizontal axis and elevation in the vertical axis. 20. [3%] How are the shapes of slopes before and after the landslide? Describe them 21. [5%] Provide a description of how the landslide changed over time and discuss observations made during the exercise. Microsoft Word - GEOG1106-Lab11_MassMovementKarst_Reader.docx PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY 1 Reader: Mass Movement and Surface Karst Learning Outcomes: This laboratory has the overall objective of exploring the concepts of mass movement and wasting, as well as the formation of surface karst. After finishing this exercise, students should be able to classify the variety of landslides and understand their primary features, how they are formed, and to have an understanding of chemical weathering processes. The specific learning outcomes are: 1. Describe the process of mass wasting and basic triggering mechanisms. 2. Categorize and identify parts of landslides. 3. Understand and define contributing factors in karst formation. 4. Define and label terminology related to karst diagrams. Materials: Pencil, lab handout, computer with google earth. Part I. Mass Movement Mechanisms Mass movement, or Mass wasting, is the downward movement of material due to the effects of gravity. When occurring suddenly, these events are generally referred to as landslides. Mass wasting occurs when a slope fails, which happens when the slope is too steep and unstable for materials to remain on the slope. This can be imagined with a simple block on a ramp where the block is being acted on by the force of gravity (fg) that can be decomposed in two cartesian components: a force perpendicular to the plane of motion, also known as normal force (fn), and another force that is parallel to the plane of motion (fs). The steepest stable angle is called the angle of repose. Figure 1. As slope increases, the force of gravity (fg) stays the same and the perpendicular-to-the-plane component (fn) decreases while the parallel-to-the-plane force (fs) proportionately increases. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY 2 Landslides have common identifying features, including displacement of material with absence of material uphill and deposition of material downhill. Additional features are provided in the figure below. Figure 2. An example rotational landslide with a few notable features labeled. Part II: Triggering Mechanisms Mass movement events always have a trigger, an event that causes the movement to occur. These include snowmelt, intense rainfall, earthquake shaking, volcanic eruption, storm waves, rapid- stream erosion, or human activities. An increase in the water content within the slope is the most common cause. Additionally, an over-steepened slope- a slope that becomes steeper than the angle of repose- may form by erosion or human activity which then allows for landslides to occur. Table 1 presents a series of benchmark landslide events that have so far occurred in both 20th and 21st centuries. Table 1. Mass-movement events that occurred during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, all of which resulted in significant socioeconomic impacts. Year Location Name and Type Trigger Size Impact 1911 Tajikistan Usoy Rockslide Earthquake 2 x 109 m3 (volume) 54 deaths, Usoy village destroyed 1919 Indonesia Kelut lahars Volcanic eruption Lahars flowed 185 km 5,100 deaths, 104 villages destroyed or damaged 1920 China Mudflows Earthquake 50,000 km2 covered >100,000 deaths, many villages buried 1933 China Deixi landslides Earthquake >150 x 106 m3 (volume) >3,000 deaths PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY 3 1941 Peru Huaraz Debris Flow Failure of moraine dam 10 x 106 m3 (volume) 6,000 deaths, 25% of Huaraz destroyed 1958 Japan Kanogawa landslides, mudflows, and debris flows Intense rainfall Unknown 1,094 deaths, 19,754 homes destroyed or damaged 1962 Peru Nevados Huascaran debris avalanche Unknown 13 x 106 m3 (volume) 5,000 deaths, town of Ranrahirca destroyed 1970 Peru Nevados Huascaran debris avalanche Earthquake 50 x 106 m3 (volume) 18,000 deaths, town of Yungay destroyed, town of Ranrahirca partially destroyed 1985 Colombia Nevado del Ruiz debris flows Volcanic eruption Unknown 23,000 deaths, 4 towns destroyed 1999 Venezuela Landslides and debris flows Intense rainfall Unknown 30,000 deaths, hundreds of buildings and roads destroyed 2005 Pakistan/India Landslides, rockfalls, and rock avalanches Earthquake Unknown 25,500 deaths 2010 Brazil Debris flows Rain Unknown 350 deaths, 61 houses destroyed Credit/courtesy of USGS (adapted) Part III: Measuring Landslides In this part, we will demonstrate how to measure the area of a landslide (and observe its change over time, and its profile) using Google Earth. We will use, as an example, a landslide from Hattian Bala, Kashmir. Later, in Section 3, you will be given three examples of regions where landslides have occurred that you can explore using Google Earth. The Hattian Bala landslide that we will use, was one of many thousand landslides (mainly rock falls and rock slides) triggered by the Kashmir earthquake which occurred on 8 October 2005. The landslide buried the village of Dandbeh. We will look at the Hattian Bala landslide and try to answer some basic questions. Finally, we will prepare a report on few landslides (other than Hattian Bala). Search: Enter the name of location (Hattian Bala in this case) in the Search panel (top left) and click Search. The Google earth will automatically zoom to Hattian Bala, a small town near the Indo-Pak border. Zoom out a bit and you will see a big landslide to the south of Hattian Bala (see Figure 3). PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY 4 Figure 3. Snapshot of the big mass wasting occurred near Hattian Bala. Identify the coordinates, elevation, and eye altitude: Move your cursor to the location and you will see that the latitude and longitude are displayed in the bottom right corner (Figure 4). Figure 4. Date, location and eye altitude information in Google Earth. PHYSICAL