Need this 16 question physical geography lab done by Monday March 6, 2023 at 7 AM my time. I have attached the lab handout with the 16 questions and a lab reader.
Microsoft Word - GEOG1106_Lab7_WaterBudget.docx Name: Date: Water Budget Lab Questions ***Please submit only this document at the end of the lab period*** INSTRUCTIONS: Please read the lab reader before beginning this exercise. The following lab questions will be based upon the material given in the lab reader. You will need a calculator for this exercise. You will also need colored pencils for this lab. Part 1: Water Budge Calculation 1. [2.5] When there is a deficit in precipitation, where must the water for evapotranspiration come from? 2. [2.5] While raining, what happens to precipitation when it gets to the soil after field capacity is reached? 3. [20] Using the Table 1 and the formulas listed in Part III of the reader, please complete the table below. Hint: begin with the Ending Storage (E.S.) for May (note: the E.S. for December will carry over to January in this exercise). ( PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY ) ( 1 ) Table 1. Water budget in Dallas, TX Water Balance for Dallas, TX J F M A M J J A S O N D T (°C) 5 7 12 16 21 26 28 28 24 21 12 4 P (mm) 64 49 76 113 149 109 77 87 91 97 66 61 PE (mm) 5 10 31 62 105 152 177 171 117 87 26 8 P – PE (mm) I. S. (mm) 150 150 E. S. (mm) 150 150 Δ ST (mm) AE (mm) Surplus (mm) Deficit (mm) 4. [10] Complete the following using the Water Balance for Dallas, TX using the Table 1 that you just completed. Total AE (mm) = Total Surplus (mm) = Total Deficit (mm) = Total P (mm) = Total AE + Total Surplus. What is Total P? Total PE (mm) = Total AE + Total Deficit. What is Total PE? 5. [2.5] Which months had moisture surplus? 6. [2.5] Which months had moisture deficits? 7. [7.5] Using the chart below and the information from the Water Balance for Dallas, TX please plot the following variables: Precipitation (P) Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) Actual Evapotranspiration (AE). Use a different color or style (pattern) of line to connect the annual data for each variable. 8. [10] Using the P, PE, and AE data that you plotted in Question 7, please shade and label the following polygons (spaces): Moisture Surplus (P > PE) Soil Moisture Utilization (AE > P) Moisture Deficit (PE > AE) Soil Moisture Recharge after a period of deficit (P > PE). Use a different color or style (pattern) to shade each polygon. 9. [2.5] Give the graph an appropriate tile and legend. 10. [5] When are the wet and dry seasons in Dallas (i.e. which month gets the most/least precipitation)? Wet Season: Dry Season: 11. [5] How do these wet and dry seasons correspond with the months of surplus deficit? 12. [2.5] What is the relationship between temperature and potential evapotranspiration? Using the Water Balance for Washington, D.C. provided on the reader, complete the following questions. 13. [5] When are the wet and dry seasons in Washington, D.C. (i.e. which month gets the most/least precipitation)? Wet Season: Dry Season: 14. [5] How do these wet and dry seasons correspond with the months of surplus deficit? 15. [2.5] What is the relationship between temperature and actual evapotranspiration? 16. [15] Compare and contrast the local water balance of Dallas, Texas and Washington, D.C. Name, at least, one difference or similarity (temporally, quantitatively, etc.) with respect to ALL of the following: soil moisture surplus, deficit, recharge, and utilization. Use the table below: Water Surplus Water Deficit Soil Moisture and Aquifer Recharge SoilMoisture Utilization Microsoft Word - GEOG1106-Lab7_Reader.docx Reader: The Water Budget Learning Outcomes: The purpose of this lab is to be able to identify and key soil-water budget components and to be able to calculate and plot the soil-water budget for a selected location. The lessons learned from this laboratory could, in the future, by applied by the student to water resource analyses of different hydro-systems including watersheds, reservoirs and regions as open systems with inputs, outputs and storages of water. Materials: Pencil, colored pencils, lab handout, simple calculator. Part I. What is the water budget? Water is not always naturally available when and where it is needed. Hence, humans must rearrange water resources. The maintenance of a houseplant, the distribution of local water supplies, and irrigation program on a farm, the rearrangement of river flows — all involve aspects of the water balance and water-resource management. The water budget is an accounting of the incoming and outgoing components of water from a control volume (e.g. a watershed, a soil column, a farm, a lake, etc). Such a budget can be established for any given area on the Earth’s surface — a continent, nation, region, or field. For a soil-water budget, it is important to measure all the precipitation input and its distribution to satisfy the “demands” of plants (transpiration), evaporation, runoff, soil moisture, groundwater, water bodies or snow (ice) storage in the area considered. Such a budget can examine any time frame, from minutes to years. When there is not snow/ice or ponded water storage, then the only water storage occurs into the soil. So, think of a soil-water budget as a money budget: precipitation income must be balanced against expenditures of evaporation, transpiration, and runoff. Soil-moisture storage acts as a savings account, accepting deposits and withdrawals of water. Sometimes all expenditure demands are met, and any extra water results in a surplus. At other times, precipitation and soil moisture income are inadequate to meet demands, and a deficit, or water shortage, results. The water balance describes how the water supply is expended. Think of precipitation as “income” and evapotranspiration ( PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY ) ( 1 ) as “expenditure.” If income exceeds expenditures, then there is a surplus to account for in the budget. If income is not enough to meet demands, then we need to turn to savings (a storage account – if available) to meet these demands. When savings are not available, then we must record a deficit of unmet demand. To understand the water-balance methodology and “accounting” or “bookkeeping” procedures, it is essential to understand the terms and concepts used in simple water-balance equations Part II. Definitions Precipitation (P) – rain, snow, sleet, or hail – the moisture supply. Potential evapotranspiration (PE) – the water loss from a hypothetical, homogeneous, vegetated area that never suffers from a lack of water; the amount of water that would evaporate and transpire through plants if the moisture was available i.e. unlimited water availability in and on the ground). Actual evapotranspiration (AE) –actual amount of evaporation and transpiration that occurs – the actual satisfied demand that is limited by water availability in and on the ground for evaporation and transpiration processes. Soil moisture deficit – the amount of unsatisfied potential evapotranspiration; the amount of demand that is not met either by precipitation or by soil moisture storage – the moisture shortage. In mathematical terms it is Deficit = PE-AE Soil moisture surplus – the amount of moisture that exceeds potential evapotranspiration, when soil moisture storage is at field capacity (full) – the moisture oversupply Soil moisture storage change (∆ST) – the use (decrease) or recharge (increase) of soil moisture – the moisture savings. Field capacity – the maximum amount of water the soil can hold against the pull of gravity (varies with soil types, but we will use 150 mm in this exercise) – field capacity can never exceed soil moisture storage value. Part III. Formulations and Example Calculating the soil-water budget is simply an accounting task. We simply have to keep track of the amount of water “income” and water “expenditures.” Below are the steps you need to follow to determine the soil-water budget for a given location. For application of the formulas, please refer to the soil moisture retention, water budget table and budget plot for Washington D.C. shown below. 1. (P-PE): Calculate the difference between precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PE) for each month and record the value in the table. 2. Initial storage (I.S.): is the previous month’s ending storage (E.S.) Start computing these values at the end of a wet month (May in Dallas, December in Washington, for example). Use one of the following to complete the initial and ending storage values. A. If P is less than PE, then use the soil moisture retention table (Table 1) to “count down” the P-PE value in the table. Example: June P-PE = -43. So, start at 150 in the table and count 43 values down to 112 and enter it for June‘s ending storage value. Then, July P-PE = - 100. So, start at 112 and count 100 values down to 57 and enter it for July’s ending storage. B. If P is greater than PE, then initial storage + (P-PE) = ending storage. When field capacity is reached, both the initial and ending storage values remain at 150 mm as long as (P-PE) is greater than or equal to 0. 3. Storage change, ∆ ST = absolute value of (initial storage – ending storage). 4. Actual evapotranspiration (AE): Use one of the following to calculate AE A. If (P-PE) is greater than 0, then AE = PE B. If (P-PE) is less than 0, then AE = P + ∆ST 5. Surplus and Deficit: Use one of the following to calculate. A. If (P-PE) is less than 0, then deficit = PE – AE B. If initial storage (IS) is at field capacity, then surplus = (P - PE) C. If (P-PE) is greater than 0, initial storage is less than at field capacity, and ending storage is at field capacity, then surplus = (P - PE) – ∆ ST D. If A, B, or C are not met then recharge is taking place (there is no surplus or deficit). Place an R in the surplus and deficit blank for that month Table 1: Soil Moisture Retention Table 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 131 130 129 128 127 127 126 125 124 123 122 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 114 113 113 112 111 111 110 109 108 107 107 106 106 105 104 103 103 102 101 100 100 99 98 97 97 97 96 95 94 93 93 92 92 91 90 90 89 89 88 87 87 86 86 85 84 84 84 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 79 79 78 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 74 74 73 72 72 71 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 68 67 67 66 66 66 65 65 64 64 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 60 60 60 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 56 56 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 52 52 51 51 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 47 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 45 44 44 44 44 43 43 43 42 42 42 41 41 41 41 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 38 38 38 37 37 37 37 36 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 34 34 33 33 33 33 33 32 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Source: Mather, R., ed. (1977): Workbook in applied Climatology. Elmer, N.J.: C.W. Thornthwaite Associates. Example: Soil-water budget for Washington, D.C. J F M A M J J A S O N D T (ºC) 3 3 7 13 19 24 26 25 21 15