Air pollution
AIR POLLUTION
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Contents
Complete a literature review of the pollution levels in cities;    3
Research the effect of pollution on human health and medically determined guidelines for daily/weekly/annual exposure to the various pollutants generally caused by traffic flows;    6
Guidelines for daily/weekly/annual exposure to the various pollutants generally caused by traffic flow    7
Design a monitoring station and its associated equipment to monitor pollution in Dublin on the Kevin St. Campus. (Note if you can find another site with data you can use that in the assignment by presenting its monitoring equipment and evaluating the pollution levels measured by the site e.g. location, diurnal effect, etc.)    12
Conclusion    17
References    18
Complete a literature review of the pollution levels in cities;
Air pollution in India is rapidly increasing due to population growth, increased vehicle numbers, poor fuel use, poor transportation systems, poor land use, industrialization, and especially invalid environmental regulations. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter are some of the pollutants that cause environmental pollution. The main function of this article is to audit the literature related to the analysis of the ambient air quality in a few Indian cities moreover compare it with INAAQS (Bell, Galatioto, Chakravartty and Namdeo, 2013). Fresh air is vital to ensuring human wellbeing. Bad quality of air has been recognized as the maximum environmental threat to public well being and health. Various sources can cause levels of air pollution, including business, power plants, agriculture, vehicles, and homes. Presently, the major sources of air pollution are road traffic. In the UK, registered vehicles and mileage traveled by them are increasing every year. In 2016, 30.9 million vehicles were licensed in the UK, and 78% of public transport uses cars. The two main pollutants in transportation are nitrogen dioxide moreover particulate matter (Stylianou and Nicolich, 2009). Exposure to air pollution is not an option for the public but is usually the result of daily life. Where people work, where they live or how they travel to determine their stage of exposure.
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Public alertness, as well as the responsiveness of air pollution, are important considerations to makes sure that the vulnerable groups can take some steps to decrease their exposures. There is a lot of well-being effects related to air pollution in transportation, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, fetal development problems, diabetes moreover cognitive development disorders (Bell, Galatioto, Chakravartty and Namdeo, 2013). The best evidence is for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Transport is considered to be a major factor in the stage of the city's air pollution. In the UK, vehicles emit pollutants than some human activities. Those living in urban areas are exposing to higher stages due to their high emission density and often dispersive conditions (Bell, Galatioto, Chakravartty and Namdeo, 2013). In the UK, car usage or mileages have raised every decade. In 1950, 50 million cars were used by 3.8 billion people. There are currently more than 700 million cars presented for 7.2 billion people. In Northern Ireland, the registered vehicle continues to rise or maximize. In 2011, 1,048,458cars were registered, compared with 1,105,089 in 2015. Besides, 73% of trips were made by utilizing cars. It indicates a high dependence on cars when traveling in Northern Ireland (Inkpen, 2013). Passenger cars emit numerous pollutants into the air, which can cause levels of ambient air pollution. Two pollutants that cause legal limits to be exceeded are particulate matter as well as nitrogen dioxide. The EEA report shows that the air in Europe is getting cleaner, but nine out of ten Europeans living in cities still breathe air, which is dangerous to their wellbeing (Stylianou and Nicolich, 2009). In the urban areas, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter as well as ground-level ozone cause the most damage, although agriculturally produced ammonia is also posing an increasing threat. According to an analysis released on Wednesday, fine PM alone caused deaths approximately 413,000 premature in 40 European countries in 2016, of which 385,000 occur in the European Union. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that air pollution here causes 1,510 premature deaths in Ireland each year. Poor air quality not only harms health and reduces life expectancy; it can also cause economic losses, especially as medical costs increase, agricultural production declines and productivity declines. However, the EEA report shows how binding regulations and local measures can improve air quality in Europe, compared with 2015, the number of premature deaths from air pollution in the EU decreased by 17,000 in 2016.
Compared with the World Health Organization policies, the lasting fine particulate concentration in European particulate monitoring stations was too high in 2017, accounting for 69%, including around some monitoring stations in all the reporting nations-Estonia, Norway and Finland (Vlachokostas, Michailidou, Spyridi and Moussiopoulos, 2013).
A spokesman for the Climate Action and Environment Department welcomed the report, "the report generally reflects the relatively good air quality in Ireland compared to other member states". She said this position was also reflected in the recent EPA Ireland Air Quality Report 2018, which emphasized that "the EU's limits on air pollutants have not been exceeded".
She said that the "National Clean Air Strategy" is currently being developed, which will be "the first response of the government to reduce air pollution and promote clean air". The climate action plan released in June includes actions to reduce emissions and improve air quality. John Sodeau, an emeritus chemistry professor at UCC, said he was not surprised by deaths caused by air pollution in Europe."This is a hard struggle. In Ireland, there is still much work to do," he said (Bell, Galatioto, Chakravartty and Namdeo, 2013). The focus should not only be on urban areas, but also indoor pollution. The burning of solid fuels is probably the biggest problem in Ireland.
In response to the findings of the European Economic Area, the European Environment Agency (EEB) stated that national action was insufficient and slow. It added that Ireland was one of the 10 EU countries that failed to implement a key air pollution control plan. An Irish spokeswoman said Ireland submitted a draft plan in early April, pending public consultation.
EEB Air and Noise Policy Officer Margherita Tolotto said data collected across Europe showed that most Europeans are still at levels of air pollution well beyond the limits recommended by WHO. "Air pollution harms us all, but it does harm pregnant women and the elderly, the most vulnerable, especially children (Vlachokostas, Michailidou, Spyridi and Moussiopoulos, 2013)."
Professor Sodeau confirmed those three years ago, opinion had been sought on Ireland's clean air strategy. Experts, including him, were eventually asked to comment on Ireland's approach, but "have had enough because of procedural delays."
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Research the effect of pollution on human health and medically determined guidelines for daily/weekly/annual exposure to the various pollutants generally caused by traffic flows;
How does air pollution affect the health of humans? In the following sections, we will specify the consequence of releasing pollutants in the atmosphere. We cause lots of pollution, and if we don't stop working, we will suffer the consequences (Almberg et al., 2014). We have seen its effect in the form of seafood pollution, global warming, and increased lung disease. When we burn up the fossil fuels we utilize daily, we release various chemicals into the atmosphere.
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• Breathing contaminated air will increases your threat of asthma as well as other respiratory illness.
• Scientific evidence suggests that 6 to 7 hours of exposure to ground-level ozone decreases lung function in healthy people and suffers from inflammation of the respiratory tract (Alzira Pimenta Dinis, 2016).
• Air pollutant is generally carcinogens. Breathing in polluted areas puts people at threat for cancer.
• Wheezing and Coughing are general signs of urban residents.
• Damage to the endocrine, immune system, moreover reproductive systems.
• High stages of particulate pollution are related to heart issues.
• Toxic chemicals unrestricted into the air settle into water and plant sources. Animals consume drink water and contaminated plants.
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Guidelines for daily/weekly/annual exposure to the various pollutants generally caused by traffic flows
In Ireland, an estimated 40,000 people died each year from outdoor pollution (Bell, Galatioto, Chakravartty and Namdeo, 2013). It has been determined that the elderly, vulnerable groups and children with existing well-being conditions are more vulnerable to air pollution. The WHO states that both the short-range or lasting exposure to the pollution is related to hospitalizations, respiratory and mortality diseases. These signs are more consistent among the more vulnerable, especially those with asthma. Also, this effect was found under the WHO Guidelines for Nitrogen Dioxide (Fuller and Dowling, 2015). WHO concluded that there is a relationship or link among nitrogen dioxide furthermore many other wellbeing effects? Nevertheless, it’s not sufficient for to causality determine. After completing the latest analysis of the evidence, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2015) came to the same conclusion. Besides, research has shown that exposure to mixtures of traffic-related moreover particulate matter air pollution may affect health. The global Agency for Research on Cancer classifies diesel exhausts, outdoor pollution as well as particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. There are many other well-being situations associated with exposure, for example, pregnancy complications, diabetes, moreover cognitive health problems (Han, Shang, and Du, 2009). Although air pollution emission from a vehicle can affect public health, most research on transportation-associated air pollution focuses on environmental levels. York University (2015) estimates that 92% of the time are spending indoors. Due to the length of time spent here, the impacts of air pollution on inside air quality requirements to be considered (Hunter, 2011).
Under the 2002 Environmental Order (NI), district boards are necessary to assess stages of certain pollutants. If an over-standard is found, the AQMA requires to be declared (DEARA, 2016). This paper...