Using the annotated bibliography please complete the paperRunning Head: Annotated Bibliography1 Annotated Bibliography2 ABORTION Annotated Bibliography 1. Bernal, Z. D., & García, J. G. (2017). Abortion, Bioethics, and Human Emancipation: a complex and unavoidable relationship. Social Medicine, 11(2), 70-75. This peer reviewed journal analyses the topic of abortion and the rights and bioethics related to public health and wellbeing. It is pointed out that abortion is a debatable topic and gives rise to varied bioethical questions including maintaining moral and legal justice, beneficence, and so on. The case study of Cuba is highlighted as the country values the reproductive rights and wellbeing of the women. The journal states that the Gender and Collective Health Network of Cuba has collaborated with various Latin American groups that would help in educating individuals all over the continent and abortion is legalised. Varied approaches are recommended through which the views and opinions regarding abortion can be changed. 2. Baker, R. (2019). The Structure of Moral Revolutions: Studies of Changes in the Morality of Abortion, Death, and the Bioethics Revolution. Mit Press. This book is a hypothetical record of moral transformations, represented by verifiable cases that incorporate the criminalization and decriminalization of abortion and the patient defiance to restorative paternalism. Rober Baker builds up his contention with instances of good inversions from the ongoing and far off past. He portrays the revolution, drove by the utilitarian rationalist Jeremy Bentham, that changed the after death dismemberment of human bodies from punitive dissection to communal virtue; the criminalization of abortion in the nineteenth century and its decriminalization in the twentieth century; and the development of another bioethics worldview during the 1970s and 1980s, supporting a patient-drove resistance to medicinal paternalism. 3. Patil, A. B., Dode, P., &Ahirrao, A. (2014). Medical ethics in abortion. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 25(6), 544-548.Patil, A. B., Dode, P., &Ahirrao, A. (2014). Medical ethics in abortion. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 25(6), 544-548. This journal highlights the fact that abortion is considered a controversial topic in terms of medical ethics. It is stated in the journal that abortion falls under the category of human rights and it is the decision of the human beings to make their own reproductive choices. The ethics relating to termination of pregnancy are examined and the dilemmas regarding abortion of foetus that is not formed properly are analysed in this journal as well. As per the views of Hippocrates, abortion was considered to be as unethical but with the advancement of time, abortion is widely accepted by societies all across the globe as the mother`s heath is given utmost importance. Varied ethical theories including virtue theory, feminist ethics, deontology, etc. are incorporated in order to solve the dilemmas relating to abortion. 4. Zaccaria, F., Anthony, F. V., & Sterkens, C. (2019). The impact of religion on attitudes towards abortion and euthanasia. An empirical study among Italian students. In Euthanasia, Abortion, Death Penalty and Religion-The Right to Life and its Limitations (pp. 105-137). Springer, Cham. Among the delicate themes of the present open discussion in Italy, bioethical questions are unquestionably to be discovered, all the more explicitly those inquiries concerning the issues encompassing the start and the finish of life, specifically the moral authenticity and the legitimate limits of abortive and euthanasia rehearses. This journal investigates the job of religion right now, just at the degree of church principle yet additionally at the degree of individual feelings and thoughts of Italian youngsters, which may shape the eventual fate of this discussion. The experimental discoveries of this investigation, on an example of optional school understudies, show that strict convictions and practices do significantly affect the understudies' frames of mind on abortion and euthanasia and feature a pertinent job of religion in the present open discussion on bioethical issues. 5. Napier, S. (2019). Uncertain Bioethics. Routledge. This book states that bioethics encompasses a wide array of inquiries. The comprehension of the process of making decisions based on morals can help in understanding why certain arguments are supported by a certain section while the other section opposes them. In the book. Stephen Napier includes a research on the importance of peer disagreement. Abortion is considered to be human right by some while others consider it to be as human killing and considers it to be unethical on moral grounds. Abortion, stem cell research, etc. falls under the category of ‘Uncertain Bioethics’. 6. Tong, R. P. (2018). Feminist approaches to bioethics: Theoretical reflections and practical applications. Routledge. This book states that issues like termination of pregnancy is perceived differently by feminist and non-feminist bioethicists. Feminist bioethicists strongly believe that women should be making autonomous decisions relating to abortion. They strongly condemn the methods in which the society tries to control the reproductive choices made by women by restricting their access to varied reproduction control technologies. The feminist’s bioethicists do not support the fact that laws and legislations of certain countries oppress women instead of liberating them by criminalizing abortion. 7. Hewson, B. (2001). Reproductive autonomy and the ethics of abortion. Journal of medical ethics, 27(suppl 2), ii10-ii14. This journal states shares the view points of a lawyer and a female on abortion. It is discussed that antagonistic relationship might develop in between the mother and the unborn baby in reference to the rights of the foetus. In that case, the mother should be given the autonomy to make reproductive decisions. According to law, the foetus is not born yet and hence it has got no rights of its own. Examples of countries like United States is provided which regards abortion as a constitutional right. As the pregnant woman carries the foetus, it gives the woman the right to make decision for herself as well as her unborn child and hence, abortion cannot be denied. 8. Yari, K., Kazemi, E., Yarani, R., &Tajehmiri, A. (2011) Islamic bioethics for fetus abortion in Iran. American Journal of Scientific Research, 18(2), 118-21. This journal highlights the fact that bioethics, in relation to Islam, is associated with the ethical teachings portrayed by the Holy Quran. Abortion is considered to be a crime in terms of bioethics by Islam as the teachings of the religion does not allow to take the life of a living being. As per the views of Islam, human life is valuable and should be protected at every stage and abortion after a time period of 4 moths of conceiving should be forbidden. 9. Savulescu, J., & Schuklenk, U. (2017) Doctors have no right to refuse medical assistance in dying, abortion or contraception. Bioethics, 31(3), 162-170. In this journal, Cowley states that conditions like abortion may face objections from the medical professionals on moral grounds. Cowley says that these objections are legitimate as the doctors are defensive. A medical professional can allude to the unsoundness of abortion as a clear explanation behind denying a patient, without in this manner losing good and intellectual regard. So abortion is a controversial and a debatable issue. Every side has a strong opinion whether it is for or against abortion, but Cowley cannot find any connection in between making a judgement on an issue that might be perceived as morally wrong and the delivery of medical services. 10. Watt, H. (2016). The ethics of pregnancy, abortion and childbirth: Exploring moral choices in childbearing. Routledge. This book sheds light on the moral dilemmas that a woman goes through during pregnancy and that abortion is considered to a vital conflict by the pregnant women as she has a close relationship with the foetus and is its guardian. As per pregnancy ethics, a woman is morally free to make reproductive decisions like abortion. PHI-475: BIOMEDICAL ETHICS Final Project OVERVIEW In your annotated bibliography project in module 6, you conducted extensive research on a focused area of bioethics and outlined a diverse number of academic articles and sources on that subject. For your final project you will submit a medium-length (2,500 to 3,000 words in length, with a typical font and spacing this will be approximately 10 to 12 pages) research project on a bioethics topic of your choice. This paper: · should be an in-depth investigation and analysis of a particular problem in the field of bioethics · should make frequent use of the moral principles that were developed in module 1, and · should make extensive use of some particular argument that you encountered while reading the textbook. While your research may uncover various relevant and important empirical facts, this is primarily a normative, argumentative essay, in which you defend some position in the field of bioethics. STRUCTURE Your final project should be structured roughly as described below. Introduction · A description of the topic you are investigating and an explanation of the philosophical and moral problems that are generated from the topic. · A clear and concise thesis statement, of the form “I will argue that …, because ...” Body · Describe the ethical issue you intend to solve. In your description, go beyond the obvious, and try to embed your description in the larger moral and ethical literature. · Give a charitable (fair-minded) reconstruction of the argument that you will be opposing. In a short essay like this, it is best to confine your analysis to a small argument, from within the larger problem. In such a short essay, it would be difficult, for example, to adequately defend the thesis, “I shall argue that abortion is immoral.” Instead, focus on some smaller thesis such as, “I shall argue that Reiman's argument for what makes killing wrong is incomplete.” In a case like this, the charitable reconstruction would be of Reiman's argument for what makes killing wrong. · Introduce any empirical evidence that you've collected, and explain why it is relevant to your topic and how it helps to support your thesis. · Evaluate the argument you will be opposing in terms of the logic and principled support that the author is able to give to it. First, an argumentative essay is much easier to structure if you have some specific argument you can discuss critically. Second, since this is an argumentative essay, this evaluation is the most important part of the essay, will constitute your principal objection, and will be the place that you can introduce your own position and contribution to the debate. Take some time to develop it carefully. · A brief answer to your evaluation/objection, on behalf of the original author (since he/she is not here to answer for him/herself), or on behalf of defenders of that position. Conclusion