Assignment 1: Research Question and Literature Review
Value:15%
Due:September 28, 2021
Purpose:To begin identifying and critiquing the research literature that closely relates to your chosen area of study.
Description:The assignment must include the following:
- Using the Assignment 1 template, develop a research question based on what is known and not known about a topic.
- Find two research articles (qualitative research preferred) and summarize using the Pinch Table template provided.
- Based on your Pinch Table, write an introduction and brief literature review related to your chosen area of study. You may integrate additional, relevant literature beyond those included in your Pinch Table in order to support the development of your research question.
- Your assignment should be four pages, double-spaced (maximum) excluding your Pinch Table, and formatted according to APA style.
Assignment #1: Pinch Table Template Topic? In Summary: What is known about the topic? In Summary: What is not known about the topic? State your Research Question Source Purpose/Problem Sample Design Instrument Results Implications Comments References: 1 Sample Pinch Table-1 1 Assignment #1: Pinch Table Template “Hope and Caregivers” Topic? The concept of hope for family caregivers of a palliative cancer patient In Summary: What is known about the topic? Hope research with families and caregivers of advanced cancer patients revealed the multidimensionality of the concept and its constant, dynamic presence as being very important in difficult life situations. Research with palliative caregivers supports the need for an exploration of the experience and processes of hope as a valuable resource to support and assist informal caregivers giving palliative care. In Summary: What is not known about the topic? -the experience and processes of hope during caregiving from an “insider’s” perspective of the family caregiver of a palliative cancer patient. State your Research Question What is the experience and processes of hope for the family caregiver of a palliative home care patient? Source Purpose/Problem Sample Design Instrument Results Implications Comments Borneman, Stahl, Ferrell, & Smith (2002) To describe hope and sources that promoted hope in family caregivers of cancer patients at home. 51 family caregivers in the sample, 10 were interviewed, USA. Quantitative surveys with family members, every 5th asked to participate in a qualitative interview, content analysis applied. Demographic data tool, Herth Hope Scale, interviews. Caucasian caregivers more hopeful, older caregivers more hopeful. Interviews added meaning to the survey results; hope stemmed from faith, connections with God and others, object of hope changed, hope strengthened over time, realistic hopes evolved, finding joy each day, support systems, hope enhances coping. Barriers to hope were fatigue, symptoms not managed. Confirms findings of Herth, hope is multidimensional and not easily defined. A connection to spirituality, faith, reiterates and redefines the concept of hope. Actual caregiver comments organized by theme presented in a table, adding auditability. Use of HHS prior to interviews may have affected content of interviews. Self-selection, small sample not purposive or theoretical. Themes identified but not linked together into a theory or interpretation of the findings. Practical clinical information to enhance hope of caregivers, reciprocal nature of hope. Chapman & Pepler (1998) To examine the relationships among general coping style, hope, and anticipatory grief in family members of a patient with terminal cancer. 61 family members, not all caregivers. Canada. Quantitative, exploratory, cross- sectional, correlational. Jalowiec Coping Scale, Herth Hope Index, Non-Death Version of the Grief Experience Inventory, Background information sheet. Family members experienced individual grief patterns. Emotive coping and hope accounted for significant variance in despair, somatization, and loss of control. Complexity of concepts, 33/61 were caregivers, hope inversely correlated to emotive coping, and directly related to confrontive coping. Value of hope as a level, providing an incentive for constructive coping with loss. 61 in sample of 157 were contacted by the researchers, sample self-selection and bias. Paper confusing and difficult to apply at a practice level. An attempt to corroborate what qualitative research has shown. 2 Herth (1993) Explore the meaning of hope, influence of background characteristics on hope, strategies to foster hope, in family caregivers of palliative patients. 25 family caregivers, USA. Methodological triangulation, longitudinal. Herth Hope Scale, interviews, background data form. Hope defined as a dynamic inner power enabling transcendence of the present and fosters a positive awareness of being. Hope levels remained stable except for caregivers with poor health, fatigue, more than 2 concurrent losses, caring for an AIDS patient. Interdependence of the care recipient and the care provider’s level of hope noted. Hope-fostering categories included sustaining relationships, cognitive reframing, time refocusing, attainable expectations, spiritual beliefs, uplifting energy. Hope-hindering factors include isolation, concurrent losses, and poor symptom mgt. Theoretical sampling not used. Lack of scientific rigor in the methodological framework and audit trail. Hope dependent on characteristics of the caregiver, care recipient and the environment, adds to the comprehensive understanding of hope by giving new interpretations of the concept of hope. Irvin & Acton (1997) To test how available self-care resources affect levels of stress and well- being, including hope as a mediating internal resource. Convenience sample, 88 well female caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients in early stages of the disease. 85/88 were white, well-educated. Subjects from a larger study given questionnaires at support groups or through the mail, semi-structured questions asked through interviews for 29, and by mail, 59. Completed measures of perceived stress, hope, and well-being, Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist, Miller Hope Scale, General Health Questionnaire. Descriptive, correlation, and regression used. Hope was found to mediate the relationship between stress and well-being, tentative support for theoretically proposed linkages. Caregivers had moderate levels of hope, hope levels correlate with well being, indicate it as a stress buffer, mediating between stress and well-being. Promotion of a positive orientation might be protective against caregiving stress. Correlations between hope, stress, well-being ranged from 0.43 to 0.20, moderate positive relationship. Non- random samplings, non- representative of most caregivers, were help- seekers, well-educated, high levels of well being. Article did not show specific tables of statistics. Kylmä, Vehviläinen- Julkunen, & Lähdevirta (2003). To explore the dynamics of hope in significant others of people living with HIV/AIDS. Publicity in newsletters and distribution of information sheets resulted in 6 significant others, Finland. Grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss), qualitative, 11 interviews. Interviews, unstructured, became more structured. Dynamics of hope, alternations between 3 main elements, hope, despair, hopelessness and their reciprocal relationships. Wishing has a role. Basic process is searching for one’s own way, changing from abstract to concrete. Useful study to direct practice and future research. Significant others, not always active in caregiving. Good data trail described, analysis included, using rigor of the methodology. Quotes used effectively. Data conceptualized into a model, offering a grounded theory, basic social process. Data also organized into a table, useful for practice. References: Borneman, T., Stahl, C., Ferrell, B. R., Smith, D. (2002). The concept of hope in family caregivers of patients at home. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 4 (1), 21-33. 3 Chapman, K. J., & Pepler, C. N. (1998). Coping, hope, and anticipatory grief in family members in palliative home care. Cancer Nursing, 21, 226-234. Herth, K. (1993). Hope in the family caregiver of terminally ill people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 538-548. Irvin, B. L., & Acton, G. J. (1997). Stress, hope, and well-being of women caring for family members with Alzheimer’s disease. Holistic Nursing Practice, 11(2), 69-80. Kylmä, J., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K., & Lähdevirta, J. (2003). Dynamics of hope in HIV/AIDS affected people: An exploration of significant others’ experiences. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: An International Journal, 17, 191-205.