(Comfort) Please follow learning outcome and guidance noteCompletion of this assignment will address the following learning outcomes: 1 Analyse organisational, local and national policies and drivers...

HEALTHCARE AND COMMUNITY PLANNING
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Community based models of Health Promotion    3
Critical Consideration and Appraisal of various key models and concepts utilized in health promotion    4
Key Definitions and Concepts of Community    6
Analysis of policies and drivers which impact the effectiveness health programmes at organisational, national and local level    7
Challenges and Barriers to facilitate community change    8
Resource Building and Funding Strategies    9
Multilevel interventions within change    10
Critical Analysis of Observed Partnership, Inter-professional and Multiagency working    11
Conclusion of which inter-sectoral collaboration can be achieved    12
References    13
Introduction
The recent years have seen an increase in the community-based care programs. These programs are mostly based on the aging populations. As the growing population of older people tend to have multiple complex chronic conditions, serious illnesses and other issues they require around the clock care. This comprehensive care system can be provided at affordable rates to individuals who are not eligible for hospitalisation but requires constant care.
Community based models of Health Promotion
The models of community-based care have been instrumental in understanding the benefits of these health care programs. They seem to have a significant impact in reducing the need for crisis. It also improved the quality of life, health outcomes and increased patient satisfaction (ICER, 2016). The history of Community practice is linked with social work. The Charity Organisation Society in the US and their settlement house movements, in the 1960s, these programs started to be managed by the community instead of the institutions. After this change, there was more emphasis on community-based programs that will benefit the community and are handled by the community (Poulton & James, 2018). This is definitely seen as a step in the right direction considering the quality of institutions in the current times. Community lead programmes seem to be a beneficial option.
The first model of health care is in collaboration with health systems. This model is based on the integrated health systems, which provide coordinated and comprehensive services. The health systems take the partial risk and operate under a set system of leadership (Bainbridge, 2010).The second model of healthcare is in collaboration with accountable care organisations. They are groups of organisations that work together to reduce the cost of healthcare with high quality services.
The third model of health care is in collaboration with medical groups or outpatient clinics. These types of models are usually seen associated with, patients who are diagnosed with Cancer (Piggott-McKellar et al., 2019). These programs are ideal for patients, whose symptoms can be treated rather than treating their direct illnesses. This helps to reduce the suffering of patients especially the ones, who suffer from certain untreatable diseases such as untreatable cancer and many more.
The fourth model of health care is in collaboration with home health agencies. Organisations, which provides traditional services of hospice care are now making comprehensive community-based programs. This is conducted in order to enable awareness and engage the community.
The fifth model of health is in collaboration with independent organisations. The above programs are often established by health care organizations (Gao et al., 2017). For instance, organisation called Aspire Health is based in Nashville and has programs in 15 states across the USA.
Critical Consideration and Appraisal of Various Key Models and Concepts Utilised in Health Promotion
The above-mentioned models are of the community-based healthcare programs. The models and concepts utilised in health promotion are as discussed as below:
Health Belief Model
The first model is the Health Belief Model. This theoretical model helps to understand how one can promote health through different programs. It emphasises the individual changes in health behaviours of the people. It is one of the most well known models. This model is based, on what the individual perceives about his or her own health.
The key factors that influence health behaviours are:
· Perceived Susceptibility: individual’s perceived threat of sickness or disease
· Perceived Severity: belief of consequence
· Perceived Benefits: potential positive benefits of action
· Cues to action: the exposure to factors that ignite the action
· Self-Efficacy: the confidence in their ability to succeed
Health Belief Model can work for both long-term as well as short-term interventions. Health Belief is based on information by first assessing the health need and understanding the risks and target population. This model makes sure that the program is customised according to the individual or the community (Yadav & Pathak, 2017). The issue of the health condition is communicated in a clear and direct manner. Then the population is told the actions and their benefits in order to improve their health. They provide assistance in carrying out these actions. These actions are improved by self-efficacy of the client. This model is focused on the person’s commitment to the program. This tends to be a problem as people can’t always be trusted to execute actions on their own with no external motivation.
Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour
The second model is the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour. This theory is based on the person’s intention to perform a certain type of behaviour. The person’s intention is based on two things, firstly, the person’s attitude towards the behaviour and secondly, the subjective norms regarding the behaviour. These subjective norms are based on the social and environmental surroundings of the person and the person’s level of control.
The theory also relies too much on individual and their need to change. It gives the individual too much autonomy. The information for predicting health behaviours is provided by the model (Omelchenko et al., 2019). It helps to understand the nuances such as subjective norms and their influence on the society. These programmes are good for alcohol and tobacco intervention.
Social Cognitive Theory
The third model is the social cognitive theory. This theory describes the influence of experiences, actions of others and the impact of environmental factors on health behaviours. It helps the person by offering social support through expectations, self-efficacy and observational learning, even reinforcements in order to make a behavioural change.
The components of the Social Cognitive Theory include:
1. Self-efficacy, which is ability of an individual to be able to control the behaviour they execute
2. The understanding and skill required to perform a certain behaviour known as behavioural capability.
3. The determining of the behavioural outcome also known as expectations
4. The value being assigned to the outcome of the change of behaviour also known as expectancies.
5. Self-Control is ability to regulate one’s behaviour.
6. Observational learning is the learning of behaviour based on the understanding of the behaviour from other individuals and monitoring the outcomes of the behaviour.
7. Reinforcements are the incentives given to change the behaviour.
The Social Cognitive Theory may be more effective than the previous models as it works with diverse groups and does not entirely rely on just the individual’s...