Context: This assessment requires you to apply the knowledge and skills gained in all the modules to undertake a critical appraisal. You will need to appraise 3 articles of a topic and research...

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Context: This assessment requires you to apply the knowledge and skills gained in all the modules to undertake a critical appraisal. You will need to appraise 3 articles of a topic and research question given to you by your facilitator.1. Search the library database to find three studies that answer your research question. All three studies must be of different study designs. For instance, you could include case control, cohort and RCTs. These studies do not have to prove their hypothesis or agree with each other. Please note that marks will be deducted if all identified papers are of similar study.2. Critically appraise all three articles you found. Your answers are to be written in the tables provided to you which was based on CASP checklist and other types of checklist.3. In the table, you are required to answer either “Yes”, “No”, “Unclear”.4. For each of the answer of “Yes”, “No” or “Unclear”, you will need to provide the “Evidence” that you found in the article to support your answers.5. For each of the “Evidence”, you will need to critically appraise stating your justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution. Please see table for an example of how “evidence” is written.







































































































Table 1 Cross-sectional study:
(Insert the title of the paper you are appraising)




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



1.Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



2.Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



3.Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



4.Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



5.Were confounding factors identified?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



6.Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



7.Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



8.Was appropriate statistical analysis used?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Add additional pages if needed


Reference: (insert the reference here according to APA 6th
edition)





















































































































































Table 2 Case-control study:
(Insert the title of the paper you are appraising)




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



1.Did the study address a clearly focused issue?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



2. Did the authors use an appropriate method to answer their question?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



3. Were the cases recruited in an acceptable way?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



4. Were the controls selected in an acceptable way?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



5. Was the exposure accurately measured to minimise bias?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution



























Critical appraisal questions







Underline your answer



6. Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



7. Have the authors taken account of the potential confounding factors in the design and/or in their analysis?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



8. How large was the treatment effect?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



9. How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



10. Do you believe the results?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



11. Can the results be applied to the local population?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



12. Do the results of this study fit with other available evidence?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution





Add additional pages if needed





Reference: (insert the reference here according to APA 6th
edition)








































































































































































Table 3 Cohort study:
(Insert the title of the paper you are appraising)




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



1.Did the study address a clearly focused issue?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



2.Was the cohort recruited in an acceptable way?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



3.Was the exposure accurately measured to minimise bias?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



4.Was the outcome accurately measured to minimise bias?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



5(a)Have the authors identified all important confounding factors?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



5(b)Have they taken account of the confounding factors in the design and/or analysis?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



6(a)Was the follow up of subjects complete enough?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



6(b)Was the follow up of subjects long enough?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



7.What are the results of this study?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



8.How precise are the results?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



9.Do you believe the results?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



10.Can the results be applied to the local population?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



11.Do the results of this study fit with other available evidence?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



12.What are the implications of this study for practice?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Add additional pages if needed


Reference: (insert the reference here according to APA 6th
edition)









Add additional pages if needed



































































































































Table 3 Randomised controlled trial:
(Insert the title of the paper you are appraising)




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



1. Did the trial address a clearly focused issue?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



2. Was the assignment of patients to treatments randomised?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



3. Were all of the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for at its conclusion?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



4.Were patients, health workers and study personnel ‘blind’ to treatment?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



5.Were the groups similar at the start of the trial?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



6.Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



7.How large was the treatment effect?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



8.How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



9.Can the results be applied to the local population, or in your context?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



10.Were all clinically important outcomes considered?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




Critical appraisal questions




Underline your answer



11.Are the benefits worth the harms and costs?




Yes/No/Unclear




Evidence:


justification, compare and contrasting or/and providing solution




























Answered Same DayMay 04, 2021PUBH6005Torrens University Australia

Answer To: Context: This assessment requires you to apply the knowledge and skills gained in all the modules to...

Sunabh answered on May 05 2021
148 Votes
Table 1 Cross-sectional study: (Associations between obesogenic risk and depressive symptomatology in Australian adolescents)
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    1.Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: This study was based on the data collected from ‘Australian Capital Territory its Your Move project’. Questionnaire was designed and a cut-off score ≥10 was cons
idered as indicative of symptomatic depression.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    2.Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: This study was conducted on 800 students (440 females, 360 males) from the age group 11–14 years (M=13.11 years, SD=0.62 years) and these belonged to overall 6 secondary schools. Likewise, the questionnaire prepared included physical activity, dietary intake and sedentary behaviour. Later, logistic regression was used to test the association.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    3.Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: This is majorly because authors conducted questionnaire from the students regard their lifestyle, which included physical activity, diet and sedentary behaviour followed by obesity. Therefore, students could have lied and reliability of the responses towards the exposure could not be tested.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    4.Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: This is because authors identified the risks associated with obesity and the factors or behaviours, which could also cause depressive symptoms. Later, authors considered the objective of identifying the link between obesity and related risk behaviours which also cause depression.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    5.Were confounding factors identified?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: Exceeding the guidelines for daily screen-time leisure sedentary activities and consumption of higher amount of sweet drinks in females were two co-founding factors leading to obesity and then depressive symptoms.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    6.Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: The strategies to deal with the confounding factors were not stated in the paper.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    7.Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: The collection of data from 800 students only included students from 7th and 8th grade. Therefore, students from higher grades were not included and the results or analysis from this study could not be considered as universal. Likewise, the outcomes were measured in a much-generalised manner and the factors affecting those behaviours were not discussed at all.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    8.Was appropriate statistical analysis used?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: Authors used Stata V.12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) in order to perform the statistical analysis and the significance of results was measured at p<0.05.
Add additional pages if needed
Reference: (Hoare, E., Millar, L., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Skouteris, H., Nichols, M., Jacka, F., ... & Allender, S. (2014). Associations between obesogenic risk and depressive symptomatology in Australian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 68(8), 767-772.)
    Table 2 Case-control study: (Depression and Obesity/Overweight Association in Elderly Women: a Community-Based Case-Control Study)
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    1.Did the study address a clearly focused issue?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: Yes, here the authors aimed to identify the association between the issue of being overweight and possession of depression especially in elderly women.
    Critical appraisal questions
    Underline your answer
    2. Did the authors use an appropriate method to answer their question?
    Yes/No/Unclear
    Evidence: In order to conduct this study, authors compared 94 elderly women facing depression with a control group of 99 non-depressed elderly women. Data collection was performed through interviews in order to diagnose depression and Geriatric...
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