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Nervous System / Brain Lifespan Development The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body (Zimmermann, 2018). This system is unique because it has two components which are central and peripheral these two components play a role in intelligence and consciousness. The nervous system's role is to regulate and communicating between the different body systems. The brain and the spinal cord make the central nervous system; the brain has six sections within it and is found within the skull also know as the cranium. The six-section that are found in the brain includes the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum. The first and the larger part of the brain is the cerebrum and is vital as it controls one's thoughts and intelligence; the cerebrum is split into two hemispheres knows as the right and left hemispheres. Then it is divided into four lobes which are frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The decision-making takes place in the frontal lobe which develops over time with growth; the parietal is responsible for the sensory reaction example is the human reaction when touching something hot. The temporal lobe is largely responsible for creating and preserving both conscious and long-term memory (Johnson, 2020). When we hear occipitals, think of vision as it’s responsible for visual information from the eyes. The second half of the brain is the cerebellum found at the bottom and above the brain stem; it’s involved in movement, balance, and posture. The diencephalon is known for its two structures that include the thalamus the hypothalamus. The thalamus is known as the gateway as there is where sensory is input and regulates what goes in and out; the hypothalamus controls and regulates autonomic nervous system functions for example appetite, sleep, temperature, water balance, and blood vessel constriction and dilation. The hypothalamus also plays a vital role in one’s emotions, affections, anger, pain, and fear this plays a role in brain growth and behavior. The midbrain section is located under the cerebrum and plays a lot of different roles like movement. sleep, auditory, etc. Last, is the medulla oblongata found under the ponds and contains man nervous cranial nerves; the medulla oblongata controls the heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. The Peripheral nervous system is subdivided into two systems known as the somatic system and the autonomic nervous system; these keep the body in the physical environment. The somatic nervous system has two sensory neurons (sense signals from the joints, skins, etc and bring information inward): motor(received signals from the central nervous system through motor neurons) causing voluntary movement. The somatic system is responsible for voluntary muscle movements and processing sensory information that includes hearing, sight, and touch. The afferent sensory allows the communication between the nerves throughout the body; the efferent motor neurons mean conducting inward and efferent means conducting outward. The spinal nerves are vitally and are found in the thoracic, cervical, coccygeal and, sacral. The atomic nervous system includes the efferent neurons that have control over three types of cells that includes smooth muscle cells, gland cells, and cardiac cells. The atomic system is divided into two sub-systems know as the sympathetic and parasympathetic. The difference between the two is the location; the sympathetic begins in the middle of the spinal core while the parasympathetic starts at the bottom of the spinal cord or the top I'm the brain stem. The sympathetic nervous system is vital to survival and is know for the fight or flight response to danger; an example is moving your hand from something hot as a reaction. Time and age will affect the brain and nervous system as it goes through natural changes. The brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and atrophy. Nerve cells may begin to pass signals more slowly than in early life. Waste products can collect in the brain tissue causing nerve cells to break down. Although everyone’s body is different some older people may slow down while others may still be upbeat. Endocrine System - Lifespan Development The endocrine system is another communicating system through hormones (chemical messages); these hormones are formed in the endocrine glands found throughout the body. The glands that are found include the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), hypothalamus, and testicles. These glands play a role in metabolism growth, sleep, reproduction influence, and psychological factors such as emotions and behavior. The hormones travel throughout the body but only can affect the cells that have receptors; once the hormones enter the blood-stream they will need to locate a target cell to get a reaction from that cell. Over the lifespan, these hormones help mature for example, in men prudery begins in the testes secreting testosterone that produces sexual organs, facial hair, causing the voice to deepen, and weight to increase. For women estrogen in the ovaries signals, the start of adult-hood making the woman's hips widen, and the body begins to prepare for menstrual and pregnancy. At the time of misconception of the endocrine system, there are both male and female hormones; both genders have estrogen and testosterone but in different amounts. The endocrine system is like the nervous system in that it plays a vital role in controlling and regulating many of the body’s functions and thoughts (Schulman, 2019). Hormones are not only involved in purity but involved in how stress is handled playing a vital role in one's mood; certain hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain like serotonin. When the chemical levels shift it causes changes in mood and behavior; hormones are view as the ones in control; research shows that behavior is shaped by influences, including the brain and its neurotransmitters and various social factors. Over the lifespan hormones will decrease with age, menopause is found in older women and is caused by the decline in estrogen levels; while in men testosterone levels will degrees over a longer period. Disease and stress can disrupt that regulatory function, altering the number of hormones that glands secrete or changing the way cells respond. Diabetes is a common hormonal disorder occurring when the pancreas doest secret enough insulin; a hormone that manages blood sugar levels. Hypo and hyperthyroidism occur when the thyroid gland makes too little or too much thyroid hormone when there's too little thyroid hormone that results in fatigue and depression. When there are too much thyroid hormone weight loss sleeplessness and irritability. Aging can change the endocrine glands, potentially affecting hormone production and secretion, and can cause disease. The production of hormones, such as human growth hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones, and thyroid hormones, decreases with age. The endocrine system manages to keep the bodies in a state of balance and through its constant regulation it drives the changes that ultimately help ones become who they are over a lifetime of development.