Answer To: I need an answer for my viva. There are 12 different medicines and need to answer 4 questions each...
Dr. Saloni answered on May 18 2022
1
Medicines
Contents
4.1 - Comirnaty 3
4.2 - Vaxzevria 4
5.1 - Metformin 5
5.2 - Dapagliflozin 6
6.1 - Promethazine (Phenergan) 7
6.2 Levothyroxine (Oroxine) 8
7.1 Ibuprofen 9
7.2 Morphine 10
8.1 Metoclopramide 11
8.2 Docusate sodium 12
9.1 Furosemide 13
9.2 Metoprolol 14
3.1 Amoxicillin 15
3.2 Metronidazole 16
Warfarin 17
Amiodarone 18
4.1 - Comirnaty
Answer 1
Comirnaty encompasses nucleoside modified mRNA that is delivered into the host cell. The lipid nanoparticle formulation makes RNA transmission into human cells easier. When the modRNA enters these cells, it is transcribed by host machinery into a modified SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigen, which is then recognised by the host immune response. Comirnaty has been shown to derive both neutralising antibodies and cellular immune reaction to the S protein, which aids in SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention.
Answer 2
Pericarditis and myocarditis have been observed most frequently in men under the age of 40 and following the second dose of the mRNA vaccine. International surveillance reports on medical causes refer to a hypersensitivity trigger or immune-mediated. Even though the mechanisms for the emergence of pericarditis and myocarditis are unknown, molecular mimicry between self-antigens and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, stimulation of preexisting impaired immune processes in certain people, an immune reaction to mRNA, and stimulation of immunologic mechanisms, and impaired cytokine expression have been postulated.
Answer 3
Researchers discovered that once the Pfizer vaccine has been given as a single dose, it elicited a relatively weak immune response in the individuals. A second dose, on the other hand, elicited a stronger immune response. Essentially, the first dose of the Pfizer vaccine initiates the process of developing immunity. The second dose significantly strengthens this protection.
Answer 4
Common adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines are headaches, a fever, a sore arm, and body aches. These symptoms generally subside after a day or 2. Amanda can control any adverse reactions with more non-alcoholic fluids, rest, and administering medicines to manage fever and pain if needed. Amanda is also advised to contact her healthcare provider straight away if she has difficulty breathing, chest pain, and confusion, loss of mobility, or speech after receiving her vaccine.
4.2 - Vaxzevria
Answer 1
Vaxzevria is a replication-deficient, single recombinant chimp adenovirus vector that encodes the S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. In the vaccine, the SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen is expressed in a trimeric prefusion conformation; a coding sequence has never been altered to sustain the expressed S-protein in this conformation. After administering the vaccine, the SARS-CoV-2's S glycoprotein is expressed locally, eliciting cellular immune responses and neutralising antibodies that may aid in COVID-19 protection.
Answer 2
The risk of TTS appears to be more common in individuals below the age of 60. Blood clots can form in various parts of the body, including the brain (named “CVST or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) and the abdominal region (idiopathic splanchnic vein thrombosis). The mechanism of TTS after vaccination is unidentified, but it is parallel to HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), a rare response to the medicine heparin.
Answer 3
Studies revealed that when the AstraZeneca vaccines have been administered as just one dose, they developed a significantly weaker immune reaction. However, a second dose incited a greater immune system response. Primarily, the first dose of this vaccine initiates the path of creating immunity. The subsequent dose significantly strengthens this security. It's also crucial not to get the second dose very soon, as this may reduce the vaccine's efficiency.
Answer 4
Possible side effects following the AstraZeneca vaccine include swelling, pain, redness, tenderness, or itchiness at the site of injection, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, fever, nausea, chills, joint pain, and feeling unwell. Individuals can use paracetamol if they have pain at the site of injection in the initial 1–2 days following vaccination. This assists in alleviating some of the ailments mentioned above. A cold compress can be used to reduce swelling and inflammation at the injection site.
5.1 - Metformin
Answer 1
The modification of the cell's energy metabolism is at the core of metformin's mechanism of action. Metformin works to lower blood glucose levels by hindering hepatic gluconeogenesis and resisting the activity of glucagon. Metformin's primary benefit is its long-term potential to lower blood glucose levels, which is preceded by significant improvement in insulin sensitivity of the peripheral tissues without raising the risk of body weight gain or hypoglycemia.
Answer 2
Even though metformin is never directly nephrotoxic it has been proposed that it can impede gluconeogenesis from lactate, resulting in lactate buildup in conditions including acute renal failure. This ailment can be observed in diabetic patients receiving metformin in the setting of acute renal failure after contrast media have been given during coronary angiographies, such as contrast-induced nephropathy. Historically, it was discontinued before coronary angiogram due to concerns regarding metformin-induced lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia.
Answer 3
The main reason for someone with diabetes to take medicine in with metformin is to improve blood sugar control. As a consequence, individuals will be less likely to experience prevalent diabetes-associated complications. One medication is never always sufficient to maintain blood sugar levels within the target range. Blood glucose levels are often more difficult to manage in individuals with type 2 diabetes over time. As a result, more than one type of antidiabetic drug may be more efficient.
Answer 4
Metformin must be administered with foods to assist decrease the potential of bowel or stomach adverse reactions during the initial weeks of therapy. Swallow the medicine or extended-release medicine complete with a glass of water. It should not be crushed, broken, or chewed. Physical activities during the day can raise insulin sensitivity, which can result in hypoglycemia at night, especially the initial night following a long period of activity.
5.2 - Dapagliflozin
Answer 1
Forxiga® is an SGLT2 inhibitor. Dapagliflozin diminishes the reuptake of filtered glucose and thus facilitates urinary glucose release by hindering SGLT2. Forxiga® also minimises sodium reabsorption while increasing sodium transfer to the distal tubule. In clinical research, Farxiga reduced fasting blood sugar levels in diabetic patients by nearly 28.8 mg/dL. After 24 weeks of therapy, the drug reduced their haemoglobin A1c (A1C) threshold by approximately 0.9 percent.
Answer 2
Dapagliflozin reduces blood pressure because of its natriuresis impact. It lowers body weight and enhances the visceral fat ratio, thereby alleviating metabolic syndrome. It lowers oxidative stress and can delay the onset of atherosclerosis. According to recent research, SGLT2 may even lower atrial natriuretic peptide thresholds. In the general populace, such as geriatric individuals and others with increased-risk cardiovascular factors or predisposing CV illness, it is secure and well-tolerated. SGLT2 may also lower atrial natriuretic peptide thresholds.
Answer 3
A growing body of evidence suggests that drug combination with oral antidiabetic medications and insulin can safely define great glycemic control in the majority of patients, while lowering the requisite insulin doses and, in certain combinations, mitigating the weight gain related to insulin therapy. The chief factor for those with type 2 diabetes to take medicine in regards to dapagliflozin is to improve blood sugar control.
Answer 4
Every day, administer the tablet immediately to the following food. This will lessen the likelihood of a stomach upset. Medication should be taken at the same time every day. It works best if taken at the same period every day. Do not skip or postpone meals. Otherwise, the blood glucose levels may become critically low. Other medications (for example, blood pressure medications) can sometimes interact with diabetes medications.
6.1 - Promethazine (Phenergan)
Answer 1
Phenergan is a histamine H1 antagonist, as well as an alpha-adrenergic, post-synaptic mesolimbic dopamine, NMDA receptor antagonist, and muscarinic. Antihistamines are used to heal allergic reactions. It’s anti-muscarinic and anti-NMDA receptor activity contributes to its utility for tension and anxiety, and as a sleep aid. Promethazine is effective in the management of vomiting and nausea due to its antagonism of muscarinic, dopamine receptors, and histamine H1 in the medullary vomiting centre.
Answer 2
Promethazine relaxes individuals by acting significantly on the brain. It minimises manifestations by blocking the action of histamine in the nervous system. It reaches the brain in massive amounts, which can cause drowsiness. Promethazine also inhibits the impact of a chemical referred to as dopamine, which prevents individuals from feeling sick. The implications involve spasmodic contractions and vasodilation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and bronchoconstriction.
Answer 3
Combinations of antihistamines and corticosteroids are used to manage allergic rashes. They act by inhibiting systemic inflammation and restricting histamine, which causes skin rashes. Antihistamines inhibit the impacts of histamine, a known natural chemical in the body. Corticosteroids stabilise mast cell membranes, inactivating further release of...