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Violence Analysing women as offenders Student Name: Unit Name: University Name: Date: Contents Introduction3 Female Violence4 Conclusion9 References11 Introduction The number of women imprisoned is rapidly increasing. This requires a reassessment of our correctional institutions to deal with women’s involvement in criminal activities. More and more people arrested for property crimes and public order crimes have surpassed men. The "drug war" has had a major impact on why our prisons are overcrowded in the past 25 years. Women are more affected than ever because they are also convicted of drugs and other crimes. Compared with male criminal behaviour, female criminal behaviours has always been regarded as secondary. For many years, women accounted for only a small part of the criminal population. Before the feminist movement of the 19th, 1960s, and 1970s, criminology was mainly the field of men, as was the CJS. Hence, it’s not surprising that most people in these fields pay too much attention to women. In addition, due to the over-simplification of female crimes, biological and sexual interpretations, few early interpretations of female crimes are now discredited (BELKNAP, 2015). However, it is precisely because of these possibly sexist, male-dominant views or lacks of interest in female crimes that several modern or feminist works have been inspired. These works prove that people's views on women and their status in traditional male occupations have changed. As a result, the consistency of police information has been challenged, as well as new methods of collecting data have been developed, for instance victim surveys or self-reporting studies; all of these have brought innovative theories and debates, or contributed to our knowledge of women or crime made a contribution. This article will briefly outline the types of victimization and female crime, or then discuss the involvement of criminology to our perceptive of them (Garofalo and Millar, 2009). Female Violence The FBP uses a different classification system for the female offenders as they are less likely to commit a offence than the male offenders. A study conducted by the Bureau of Statistics in 2009 showed that 15% of the criminals are under arrest that year was women. This percentage represents the number of 2.2 million prisoners. The crimes of female criminals include assault, robbery, possession or use of prostitution, robbery, fraud, murder, theft, and violence (Gifford, Evans, Eldred Kozecke and Sloan, 2020). In correctional services, women receive special care due to their different social, psychological and physical needs. The treatment plan aims to strengthen the rehabilitation work (Grella et al., 2020). A factor contributing to the increase in women’s participation in crime includes drug abuse, theft, domestic violence, as well as bad parental guidance. Studies have shown that women’s imprisonment rates are lower than men’s. Except for prostitution, the total number of men arrested in every kind of crimes is much higher than the women. Prostitution is a most usual crime between women (Hearn and McKie, 2009). Kinds of prostitution include street walkers; call girls, bar girls, escort services, brothel prostitutes, as well as itinerant prostitutes. According to data from the FBP, women account for less than 20 of all crime categories. Additionally, women’s representation in illegal gangs or criminal actions is lesser than the men (Kearney and Byrne, 2018). The number of women arrested for felony and homicide is less than 16%. On the other way, in crimes involving property or theft, the proportion of females is lesser than 12%. Among small property crimes, including forgery, vandalism, theft, embezzlement and fraud of public funds, the crime rate is highest (Laws, 2020). The main kinds of fraud and theft committed by the women include the issuance of forgery, bouncing checks, credit fraud, shoplifting and shoplifting. Information collected from the CJS over the past ten years show that compared with men, there are more women participating in crimes. An upward trend has also been observed in some crime categories, for instance serious assaults or drug law violations (Miller, 2014). According to the statement released by the NCVS, women are less engaged in major crimes like murder, violent robbery, shoplifting or human trafficking. Additionally, compared with their male counterparts, their involvement in major crimes has less impact (Miller and Bank, 2013). For example, violence committed by women rarely causes complications and injuries. The most general criminal activities performed by women include shoplifting, prostitution, drug trafficking or counterfeiting. They engage in these activities as they have a lower risk of being arrested as compared to other offense. Possession or drug uses are also most common crimes among female criminals who do not involve or rarely use weapons like guns (Sarrett and Ucar, 2021). Hence, gunshot wounds, bone fractures, concussions as well as major injuries are not general in his crimes. African-American women use pistols, blunt objects, knives and other kinds of weapons to commit murders at the highest rate. Mothers who killed their children and wives constitute a considerable number of female criminals (Siegel, 2017). As an outcome of aforementioned collective research, it is generally agreed in the field of criminology that the crime rate of women is much lower than that of men (although according to police statistics, the crime rate of women is rising). Women are likely to do certain crimes, for instance sexual crimes, as well as they are less likely to commit crimes again (Stephens, Kuerbis, Pisciotta and Morgenstern, 2020). Most crimes committed by women involve theft or handling of stolen items, aggression against person, or drug crimes. Criminology helps us understand the female crime characteristics in various ways. First, since the feminist movement, criminology has also focused on female crimes or helped deconstruct the traditional sexist stereotypes of female offenders previously described by traditional criminologists. This shows that women’s status in society, that is, their work, social background or motherhood, can affect their suppression of crime and their chances of crime (Gifford, Evans, Eldred Kozecke and Sloan, 2020). Therefore, criminology helps us to know how a woman’s personal circumstances affect whether she will offend or not, or what kinds of crimes she may commit. Criminology also emphasizes the impact of previous victimization moreover breakdown of the social ties on women’s crimes; Gifford, Evans, Eldred Kozecke and Sloan, (2020), in studying how women participate in illegal drugs, found that every woman in her study came from an unstable social environment, namely Deprivation, parental alcoholism, sexual violence and abuse. Other studies have also emphasized gender discrimination in the system (Hearn and McKie, 2009). In Carlen's 1998 study, she interviewed 15 Scottish Sheriffs about their feelings about prosecuting female criminals, and find that they did not like sending female prisoners to prison. Karen suggested that they resolve this anxiety by distinguishing who is a good mother from a bad mother, and ignore the influence of socioeconomic aspects on their behaviours (Kearney and Byrne, 2018). The sheriff's attitude in the Karen research report highlights the long-standing debate in the field of criminology, that is, does CJS treat women more harshly or chivalrously than men? It can be said that the sheriff’s prosecution of women’s uneasiness expresses a chivalrous behaviour; however, the fact is that they divide women into “good” mothers or “bad” mothers, which shows that the judgment of women is twofold (Miller and Bank, 2013). Hence, criminology has given us a better knowledge of how lack of family support and social ties affect women’s crimes, and it can be said how the double standards that exist in CJS affect women (Stephens, Kuerbis, Pisciotta and Morgenstern, 2020). By challenging the statistics recorded by the police, criminology highlights other debates, such as why the crime rate for women seems to be rising, and to what extent is the crime rate for women less than for men? There are several opinions regarding the increase in female crime (Gifford, Evans, Eldred Kozecke and Sloan, 2020). Some believe that this is because the role of women is changing in civilization, which gives them a greater chance of offending; a few claims that this is because of economic marginalization and women are offended by deprivation, while others believe that this is because of a change in the criminal label leading to a more severe sentence (Gifford, Evans, Eldred Kozecke and Sloan, 2020). Criminology has sparked many debates, and these debates help to deepen the knowledge of the characteristics of women's crime. As an outcome of criminological research, for example the British Crime Survey, we have learned that in general, women are more likely to suffer criminal harm than men. Lastly, although we understand that women are generally at a lower risk of offence, BCS tells us that they are more likely to commit crimes than men, and this has a negative impact on their everyday lives (Stephens, Kuerbis, Pisciotta and Morgenstern, 2020). First, by questioning police statistics, it highlights the "dark figures of offence", showing a large number of unrecorded, unreported or unknown crimes; therefore, it highlights the large number of sexual assaults, domestic violence, as well as rape crimes suffered by women, Mostly in the hands of partners, husbands and other members of the family. A study conducted by Stephens, Kuerbis, Pisciotta and Morgenstern, (2020) shockingly illustrated the problem of domestic violence, in which one in seven wives reported being raped by their husband. Traditionally, because domestic partners generally accept violence against women, the police have despised the crime of domestic violence (Sarrett and Ucar, 2021). Criminology also emphasizes the problem of women's repeated victimization; due to the nature of crime, the rate of repeated victimization in domestic violence cases is high, however research shows that women’s who were assaulted in their childhood are at high threat of victimization as adults (Miller and Bank, 2013). Hence, due to criminology, we know that the number of women who suffer from domestic violence is more than police statistics, as well as women who are assaulted as children are more likely to be involved in adult abusive relationships. Women’s fear of victimization is a topic of debate in criminology (Kearney and Byrne, 2018). A few people describe that this is as women are "smaller genders" and are therefore more vulnerable to intimidation, while others believe it is associated to rape caused by social or moral panic. The fear is related, implying that it is unreasonable. Criminology emphasizes women’s criminal experience, society’s attitudes and social responsibility towards the female victimization (Laws, 2020). This theory contradicts data from victim surveys, which show that women are at greater threat of domestic violence than stranger violence. Regarding the treatment of women in CJS, criminology highlights that women can be treated unfairly and sympathetically when they are subjected