lab report

Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution
Objective:
The alkyl halides are prepared by reacting concentrated hydrogen halides with hydrochloric acid where SN1 mechanism takes places since the molecules are unimolecular.
In above general mechanism X is halide groups, in this experiment we use halide chloride i.e., hydrochloric acid where 2o and 3o plays a role in formation of R+ carbocation. Whenever 2o carbocation forms it rearranges among/itself to form 3o more stable carbocation followed by E1 an elimination reaction of side product formation possibly alkenes.
In this experiment tert-butyl alcohol reacts with HCl at room temperature forming t-butyl chloride in a slow step (SN1) mechanism. The reactions first step is the formation of t-butyloxonium ion by protonation step which further dissociates into intermediate carbocation. As t-butyloxonium ion an single species undergoes chemical step for product formation since it is unimolecular by nature and it is rate-controlling step. The strong electrophilic t-butyl cation reacts with chloride which is nucleophilic in nature to form product t-butyl chloride (fast step). The obtained/collected product is purified using bicarbonate solution for removal of trace acids followed by water for base removal and finally distilled to obtain pure product.
Figure 1: - Reaction...