Answer To: doEST 1892LSBUCASE SCENARIO FOR THE LABORATORY REPORTXXXXXXXXXXGender: ZTHEINI Be....
Dr Insiyah R. answered on Dec 14 2022
Introduction 1
Importance of clinical information 1
Importance of screening programs 2
Explain the Hormone receptors result, including HER2 and its significans 2
Oher tests/ICC that can be used for breast cancer diagnosis 4
The suggested treatment considering the results 6
Reference 6
Introduction
A crucial component of patient safety is identifying patients and matching their identity with the appropriate treatment or service. The patient receiving a drug meant for another patient may be the most typical "wrong patient" treatment mistake that most people immediately consider. But incorrect medication administration mistakes can happen for several reasons and at any stage of patient contact (Ahn et al,2020).
Incorrect patient identification can result in pharmaceutical administration problems, adverse blood transfusion responses, failure to treat a significant sickness or condition, medical therapy for erroneous diagnostic lab findings, and operations being done on the wrong patient.
The Joint Commission mandates that two signifiers- a patient's complete name, date of birth, and medical identity (ID) number—be used for each patient interaction to avoid mistaken identity and near-misses (Bachelot et al,2019).
Importance of clinical information
Differentiating between normal and pathological nipple discharge requires careful anamnesis and physical examination, including visual inspection and assessment of the breasts and papillae. It is essential to look into the symptom's approximate date of the beginning, its length, frequency, and intensity, as well as if it is spontaneous (Emens et al,2020). Additionally, it's critical to look into the most recent pregnancy, nursing history, use of anticoagulants or neuroleptics, smoking, trauma, and hormonal condition of the patient, as well as any personal or family history of breast or ovarian illness.
The findings of a hormone receptor assay, a test that determines whether or not breast cancer cells contain receptors for the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, will be included in the pathology report. Breast cells have hormone receptors, proteins that detect hormone signals instructing the cells to develop (Lynce et al,2019).
If breast cancer possesses oestrogen receptors, it is oestrogen receptor-positive. This shows that oestrogen may send growth-stimulating signals to cancer cells much as it does to healthy breast cells. If the malignancy has progesterone receptors, it is progesterone receptor-positive. Again, this implies that progesterone may send signals to the cancer cells instructing them to multiply (Nanou et al,2020). A hormone receptor test is positive in around two of three breast cancers. Doctors can use the findings of the hormone receptor test to determine whether cancer is likely to react to hormonal therapy. It's crucial to be aware that certain breast tumours with hormone receptors may eventually remove those receptors.
Importance of screening programs
Hormone receptor-negative tumours can produce hormone receptors, which is also true. Asking the doctor for a second biopsy to check for hormone receptors is a brilliant idea if your breast cancer returns after therapy. Hormonal treatment is unlikely to be effective in treating cancer if the cancer cells lack receptors. Hormone treatment could help if the cells have grown hormone receptors (Prabhavathi et al,2020).
Like other cell receptors, hormone receptors are unique proteins located within or on the surface of specific cells in the body, including breast cells. By receiving instructions from hormones and other chemicals in the circulation and then directing the cells' actions, these receptor proteins act as the eyes and ears of the cell. The receptors control cellular activity by functioning as an on/off switch (Marinovich et al,2018). The switch is flipped on, and that specific action in the cell starts if the proper chemical appears and fits into the receptor as a key fits into a lock.
Explain the Hormone receptors result, including HER2 and its significans
Most laboratories employ a unique staining procedure to make hormone receptors visible in breast cancer tissue. An immunohistochemistry staining assay, often known as immunochemistry, is the name of the test (IHC). Not all laboratories analyse test findings in the same manner, and they don't all present the data in the same way. Therefore, any of the following might appear on the pathology report: a proportion indicates the proportion of hormone receptor-positive cells among 100 total cells (Sussell et al,2020). A value between 0% and 100% will be shown.
Remember that both progesterone and oestrogen receptors should be examined in breast cancer. Ask your doctor for a specific percentage, rating, or another figure if the results are presented as good or negative. Additionally, you might enquire how the therapy choices made for your specific circumstance can be affected by these more accurate results. Different laboratories use different cutoff thresholds for a tumour to be classified as hormonal receptor-positive or hormone receptor-negative (Pacheco et al,2018). One lab could refer to this as hormone receptor-negative breast cancer if less than 10% of the cells or one out of ten exhibits positive staining, for instance. Another lab could classify the cancer hormone receptor despite poor results as positive. According to research, hormone treatment may be effective even in malignancies with few hormone receptors. Generally speaking, a score of 0 indicates that hormone treatment will not effectively treat breast cancer (Lynce et al,2019). Hormone-receptor-negative cancer is referred to when the score is 0.
The hormone receptor status may occasionally appear uncertain in the lab result. Ask your doctor what it implies and what more actions need to be performed to identify the tumour's hormone receptor status if you obtain an unclear hormone receptor status test result.
All hormone receptor-positive breast cancer stages are treated with hormonal therapy, commonly known as antiestrogen therapy, endocrine therapy, or hormone therapy (Lynce et al,2019). Both limiting oestrogen synthesis in the body and blocking estrogen's impact on breast...