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Questions 1-5 are based on the following hypothetical study abstract: A researcher suspects that White doctors (compared to Black doctors) may be more likely to incorrectly diagnose Black patients (compared to White patients) with more life threatening conditions (e.g., cancer), when they actually have a less severe condition (e.g., benign tumor). In other words, the researcher predicts that how doctors’ race is related to the accuracy of their patients’ cancer diagnoses will depend on the patients’ race. To test this hypothesis, she creates hypothetical patient history reports with standardized x-rays and radiology images of tumors that are either benign or malignant (cancerous). The researcher manipulates whether the patients’ race is described as Black or White in the patient reports. A sample of 48 White doctors and 51 Black doctors are asked to read 4 patient reports, whereby 2 cases involve cancer and 2 cases do not (benign tumors). These patient reports are counterbalanced by patient race, such that half of the cancer cases and half of the benign tumor cases are comprised of each patient race (Black vs White). The order in which the 4 patient history reports were administered to participants was counterbalanced. In support of her hypothesis, the researcher found that when reading a patient history report of a person described as Black, White doctors (compared to Black doctors) are more likely to diagnose the patient as having cancer, even when the objective information in the report suggests the patient only has a benign tumor. However, White doctors (relative to Black doctors) are also more likely to underdiagnose cancer in White patients. That is, when White doctors read patient reports of White patients, they are less likely to diagnose them as having cancer. 1. In this study, the doctor's race is best described as the: a) Active Independent Variable b) Attribute Independent Variable c) Dependent Variable d) Mediator 2. In this study, the patients’ race is best described as the: a) Dependent Variable b) Attribute Independent Variable c) Moderator d) Mediator 3. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study? a) Correct Diagnosis of Cancer b) Patient's Race c) Doctor's Race d) Patient History Reports 4. Which of the following best describes the study design? a) 2 group experimental design b) Pre-test post-test experimental design c) Cross-sequential design d) 2 group pre-test post-test experimental design 5. Which statistical analyses would be most appropriate for the researcher's research question/hypothesis? a) t-tests b) Mediation analysis using multiple regression c) Correlations d) ANOVAs Questions 6-7 are based on the scenario below. A researcher wants to know whether people have reported decreases or increases in positive affect before and after experiencing a stressor. 6. Which of the following is the most appropriate statistical test to address this research question? a) Correlations b) Paired samples t-test c) One-way ANOVA d) Independent samples t-test Let's pretend he ran the analyses and got the following output in SPSS. 7. What is the most appropriate interpretation of these results? a) There is a statistically significant increase in positive affect from before (PosAffT1) to after a stressor (PosAffT3) b) There is a statistically significant decrease in positive affect from before (PosAffT1) to after a stressor (PosAffT3) c) The results are inconclusive based on this output d) There is no statistically significant change in positive affect from before (PosAffT1) to after a stressor (PosAffT3) Questions 8-9 are based on the scenario below. Let's say that the researcher from Questions 6-7 had a hypothesis that there are cultural group differences between Chinese Americans and European Americans in how their positive affect changes from before a stressor (PosAffT1), during a stressor (PosAffT2), and after a stressor (PosAffT3). 8. Which of the following is the most appropriate statistical test to address this research question? a) Paired samples t-test b) Independent samples t-test c) Repeated measures ANOVA d) One way ANOVA Let's pretend he ran the analyses and got the following output in SPSS. Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts Measure: MEASURE_1 Source PA Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. PA Linear .107 1 .107 .146 .703 Quadratic 25.033 1 25.033 41.928 .000 PA * Chinese_Status Linear 2.597 1 2.597 3.545 .062 Quadratic 4.940 1 4.940 8.274 .005 Error(PA) Linear 111.343 152 .733 Quadratic 90.750 152 .597 9. What is the most appropriate interpretation of these results? a) There is a statistically significant linear change in positive affect across groups b) There is no statistically significant change in positive affect c) There is a statistically significant linear change in positive affect that differs by cultural group d) There is a statistically significant quadratic change in positive affect that differs by cultural group A researcher wants to test her intervention program against a standard control group. Participants are informed that they may be in either an intervention or control group. She randomly assigns participants to the intervention program or control group which receives no treatment. At pre-test, all participants fill out questionnaires on their health and perceived purpose in life. Next, participants in the intervention complete meditation exercises for 6 weeks whereas the control group does not participate in a program for the 6 week period. After the 6 week period, all participants complete post-test assessments of their health and perceived purpose in life. Let's say halfway through the intervention program, the researcher looks at the data and notices that participants in the intervention group have significantly lower blood pressure and greater perceived purpose in life. After the 6 weeks are over, she re-analyzes the data and finds that the intervention group showed significant improvement over the control group in their blood pressure and perceived purpose in life. 11. Which of the following is a potential ethical problem with how she conducted her research study? a) Honesty b) Competence c) Integrity d) Withholding benefits from one group of participants The following questions (12-14) are about the following scenario: Boys show greater visuo-spatial skills and memory (e.g., being able to rotate objects in your mind, remembering where you parked your car) compared to girls. Dr. Addison predicts these well-observed gender differences are explained by the tendency for boys to be more likely to be socialized to play with toys that develop these skills (e.g., video games, Lego) compared to girls. 12. Dr. Addison's primary hypothesis involves which of the following? a) A mediating effect b) A covariate effect c) A confounding effect d) A moderating effect 13. In this scenario, gender is the: a) Mediator b) Moderator c) Independent Variable d) Dependent Variable 14. Let's say that Dr. Addison decides to test this hypothesis by assessing boys' and girls' toy preferences at ages 4, 6, and 8, as well as their visuo-spatial abilities at each of those ages. What kind of developmental research design is she using? a) Cross-sectional b) Sociohistorical c) Longitudinal d) Cross-sequential Read the following abstract and answer questions 15-22 about the study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a supportive-educative telephone program on the levels of knowledge and anxiety of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery during the first 6 weeks after hospital discharge. The first 74 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery between 1986-1987 in a large, western Canadian teaching hospital were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The effect of the intervention, which was assessed after the telephone program based on a knowledge test and state anxiety inventory. Data were collected without participants' knowledge of group assignment. 15. If researchers want to know if the intervention worked (relative to the control group), which of the following statistical tests is the most appropriate to use? a) Chi square test b) Correlations c) Paired samples t-test d) Independent samples t-test e) The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a supportive-educative telephone program on the levels of knowledge and anxiety of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery during the first 6 weeks after hospital discharge. The first 74 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery between 1986-1987 in a large, western Canadian teaching hospital were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The effect of the intervention, which was assessed after the telephone program, was based on a knowledge test and state anxiety inventory. Data were collected without participants' knowledge of group assignment. 17, Let's say the researcher thinks that the groups may have differed on health behaviors prior to being assigned to the conditions. What would this group difference in health behaviors represent in the current study? a) Control variable b) Moderating variable c) Confounding variable d) Intervening variable 18. Let's say the state anxiety inventory was assessed with a 10-item Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4. The researcher wants to see if this is a reliable instrument. What would be the best way to test the reliability of this state anxiety inventory given the information provided in this scenario? a) Test-retest reliability b) Cronbach's alpha c) Inter-rater reliability d) Split-halves reliability 19. Let's say the researcher wants to know how valid his measure of self-reported state anxiety instrument is. To test the instrument validity, he has a subset of patients evaluated by a psychiatrist who diagnoses them for different levels of anxiety and he compares these results with the self-reported state anxiety instrument results. He finds that there is a high correspondence between the results of the state anxiety self-reported instrument and the psychiatrist's diagnoses (which are considered the gold standard in this field). What kind of validity did the researcher test? a) Criterion validity b) Divergent validity c) Convergent validity d) Face validity 20. Let's say that after analyzing the data, the researcher did not find a statistically significant difference in state anxiety between the intervention and control groups. He suspects that he may not have had enough power to detect differences between the groups. He conducts a power analysis to see how much power was actually observed in his study. What kind of power analysis is this? a) Sample size determination b) Post hoc power analysis c) A priori power analysis d) Prospective power analysis 21. As stated in question 20, the researcher wanted to see how much power he actually had to detect differences between groups. Based on previous studies, he estimates that the population effect size for the difference between groups is 0.48. For other values in his power analysis, he used standard conventions in the literature (and as we have been using in class). How much power did he have in this study? [Hint: Use the G*Power statistical software program to calculate this effect. You can access the program using Citrix] a) Power = 0.53 b) Power = .83 c) Power = 0.66 d) Power = 0.99 22. Based on the power analysis from Question 21 (previous question), did the researcher have sufficient power to detect differences between groups (based on standard conventions)? a) No answer text provided. b) There was not enough information from the power analysis to make this determination c) Yes d) No Read the following abstract and answer questions 23-27 about the study: Objective: To examine diet, physical activity, and body-weight changes