Read 4 chapters and answer some questions

Chapter 7
1. An organization chart gives a pictorial representation of position and relationship within an organization. They also help in clarifying position and relationship for every member of the organization and even are useful for managers to track the growth and changes in the organization structure. 
2. The organization’s structure determines the degree of specialization within an organization. 
3. Job rotation helps workers perform a variety of tasks and also lessens the boredom and dissatisfaction from the work. It helps in identifying new roles in which workers may want to focus their energies in the future. 
4. Using a combination of departmentalization bases usually is because of the different needs of the organization. It helps in determining the suitable combination which will help the organization to achieve its objectives and goals.
5. The three steps involved in the delegation are:
1. Assign responsibility – Assign the right kind of the job to the right person
2. Grant authority – Give the power to accomplish an assigned task 
3. Create accountability – create an obligation for a worker to accomplish the job assigned to him.
6. The top management takes the major decision for a firm. It depends on them how they want to spread authority within an organization. 
7. The determine the height of an organization, the span on management plays a direct role. When the span of the organization is wide the organization is flat and when it is narrow the organization is tall.
8. 
    Line-and-staff
    Matrix
      It utilizes the chain of command from a line structure in combination with the assistance of staff manager
     It combines horizontal and vertical lines of authority 
    It has experienced leaders who have done typical line work
      It has a mix of people from various specialization
    Relies on an old style of line staff
      It does not rely on the old style of line staff
 
9. Best buy will have more of a fragmented culture but Mc Donald’s has more networked. The culture of Mc Donald’s is friendlier than that of best buy.
10. The firms having centralized organization structure have top management take the major decisions. For decentralized organizations, the decision making power is spread across different levels. Few examples are given below:
 Centralized- military, government, television industry, typical corporation, etc.
Decentralized- fast-food franchise chain, open-source software companies, etc.
11. The span of management decides the organization's width and height. This impacts the whole working of an organization. The committees bring information into the organization. They help in more accurate decision making and more effective transmission of the decisions. These two parameters have a huge impact on the organization structure. 
Chapter 8
1. The company Rubbermaid, needs to expand and sell products in other countries to:
1. Increase its market share - With the expansion, it will be able to cater to a larger audience hence benefiting its business
2. Diversification – It will help in diversifying its assets. The diverse product range can help in targeting the different audience with unique product and services
3. Access to talent – Expansion to other countries will attract local talent. This will also help in gaining a new perspective
4. Competitive advantage – It will give the firm a better competitive advantage than its competitors
5. Foreign investment opportunities – It is will increase the investment opportunities for the firm
2. The U.S. firms have taken the following steps to maintain the competitive advantage:
1. Improving the quality of their products and meeting the needs of customers
2. Improving productivity and motivating an employee to corporate with the management
3. Reduction of cost by selecting the suppliers providing high-quality products at reasonable pricing
4. Flexible manufacturing system and computer-aided techniques to allow a higher degree of customization
5. To lower the manufacturing cost by ensuring improved control procedures
6. Using green manufacturing to...