Submit Assessment 3 - Essay Assessment 3 Details and Instructions This essay focuses on strategies for the primary prevention of violence against women. Apply your learning about toxic masculinity,...

Running Head: Strategies for Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women    1
Strategies for Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women    14
STRATEGIES FOR PRIMARY PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Causes of Violence Against Women    3
Initiative, Programs and Campaigns    5
Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS)    6
Building Respectful Behavior and a Future Free from Violence    9
Providing Psychological support to Women    10
Further Support    11
Conclusion    12
References    13
Introduction
    Violence against women is a widespread social issue, which can be observed in both developing and developed nations. According to the World Health Organisation (2016), one in every three women in this world experiences physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. The stereotypes existing in the society related to the roles of men and women in the society have been acting as a primary factor of violence against women. Culture, religion and ethnicity can somehow be held responsible for violence that primarily affects women and children. Through this essay an effort has been made to deepen the knowledge of intimate partner violence and structural violence. The essay shall also focus on the primary prevention program, initiative or campaign that have been working in the direction to bring an end to domestic violence, sexual assault and many such evil practices existing in the society. The essay shall access the key components of these initiatives.
Causes of Violence Against Women
    Violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence is a major problem existing in the society. The lack of women empowerment and inequality can be considered as one of the causes of violation of human rights of women in the society. Gender inequality causes violence against women (García-Moreno et al., 2016). Violence against women is present across different age groups and ethnicity. One of the most prominent causes of violence against women and girls is toxic masculinity, where a perpetrator believes that he has the right to abuse women. The stereotypical images existing in the society have been presenting men in a more powerful and dominant role. Men often believe that they have the right to misbehave with a woman or to sexually assault her just because of their masculinity. Poor justice systems at some places has been making the men feel that they are not accountable for behaving this way with a woman.
    Men feel that they have the permission to abuse and assault women and this has been transmitted through a number of layers of the society, thus, complicating the situation even further (Oram et al., 2017). The unequal power relations between men and women have been from times immemorial have worsened the situation further. In addition to this, society always had a notion that women are meant to take care of their families and therefore, they do not need to be educated much as they are not supposed to earn livelihood for their families. Therefore, lack of education and the orthodox mindset of the society is one of the primary reasons that women have to suffer from violence and assault.
As had been rightly observed by Frede (2018) patriarchy is something that has been celebrated since time immemorial and furthermore sheds light on the fact what Aristotle had said. He had been instrumental in saying that “the master of them that know,” It is that very idea that appears to be effective in understanding the toxic misogynistic perspective that have always aimed in oppression of women. According to Aristotle, the male is believed to be in accordance to their nature more expert as well as adept. They are advanced and progressive and therefore capable of leading the woman race. It is in this light it can be observed that men are given the authorial position so that they get the power to rule over the female race. The latter are believed to be feeble and inferior and therefore should only kneel down before their ruler, their lord/master (i.e. men).
    At the societal level, laws and policies of the government and the practices prevalent in the state and other traditional practices have been directly contributing to violence against women (Wright & Tokunaga, 2016). This further creates an environment, where violence against women is either tolerated or is justified or is excused. Limited economic opportunities for women can be considered as another societal factor that has increased violence against women. Moving on to the causes that have been complicating the situation at the community level isolation of women from the support mechanism of the family can be considered as one of the causes. Insufficient safe spaces for women have also been contributing to worsen the situation further. Some communities also grant men control over female behaviour therefore, forcing the women to accept the violence as a method of resolving conflicts.
    Notions of masculinity tied to dominance are primary causes of violence. At the level of relationship between men and women, control of the male members over the economic and social decisions being made is one of the strongest factors of domestic violence (Guendes, 2016). The patriarchal culture of the society and sexually hostile attitudes of the people are major risk factors, when it comes to determining the causes of violence against women. This also increases the severity of violence. The common thread that remains between societal, community and relationship violence is unequal distribution of power among the two equally important halves of the society.
Initiative, Programs and Campaigns
    A number of initiatives, programs and campaigns have been launched worldwide to come up with strategies that can help to prevent violence against women on a global level. The development of these prevention programs requires focusing on the causes behind the prevalent violence against women in the society. These programs need to focus on the fact that unequal power, societal notions and toxic masculinity manifests violence against women and girls in different contexts and therefore, these have to be addressed. Several organisations have been coming up with a number of initiatives and programs that can help to eliminate this social evil. One such organisation that has been working in the direction of prevention of violence against women is discussed in details as below:
Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS)
    This is an initiative taken by the Australia’s National Plan to reduce violence against women and their children,...