Answer To: CODE OF PRACTICE - HONOURS ART6401 MASTER BY COURSEWORK RESEARCH PROJECT UNIT INFORMATION AND...
Tanaya answered on May 23 2021
Running Head:THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RECYCLING 1
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RECYCLING 3
ANALYZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RECYCLING IN THE PROCESS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE
Abstract
This research analyses the solid waste management (SWM) systemin Bangalore. The goals of this SWM in Bangalore include protecting human health, directly and indirectly,by reducing the accumulation of waste in the environment. The integration, framework and hierarchy of SWM in Bangalore are examined.
In this research, in the next part, there has been setting up of the approaches of the recycling, which are involved in the circular economy. Additionally, a fruitful analysis has been made on the concept of the recycling and waste management. Most importantly, there has been the jotting down of the strategies, which are highly related to the concepts of the waste management in Bangalore. There have also been a suitable conclusions and recommendations on the whole SWM and its implications in the society. The recommendations are apt to make the Earthlings aware of the degradation of the society and make amends to reduce it for benefit.
As of the findings it can be said that the SWM in Bangalore has been very effective. It has been there to develop the proper sustainable environment by managing the solid waste within the locality. The solid wastes can take up a lot of space and also contribute to the high rising pollution within the country. With the help of the SWM system the wastes can be treated properly and they can be recycled for the further usage.
Acknowledgement
I like to thank all the supervisors and the teachers for their support and dedication. The technologies used in this research have helped me to develop a proper research paper as well. I would wish to show my gratitude towards my supervisor who had helped me extensively in this study and without whose supportI would not have been able to finish. I would also express my thankfulness to my friends and family whose encouragement has assisted me during my research.
Thanking you all,
_____________________.
Declaration
I hereby declare that this project is done with utmost honesty and credibility. The ethical sides are also focused within the research paper. I have taken help from all the different credible journals and articles and they helped me to conduct this study effectively. I declare that this research will properly conceptualize all the different concerns related to the solid water management in Bangalore. This research will also focus on the advantageous side of the different SWM system as well.
Table of Contents
Chapter1: Introduction 6
1.1 Background 6
1.2 Research Gap 8
1.3 Research Aim 8
1.4 Research Objectives 8
1.5 Methodology 9
1.6 Research Structure 10
Chapter 2: Solid Waste Management in Bangalore 12
2.1Introduction 12
2.2 The Solid Waste Stream in Bangalore 12
2.2.1 Residential 12
2.2.2 Industrial 12
2.2.3 Agricultural 13
2.3 Integration of SWM with Sustainable Management of Waste 14
2.3.1 Landfill Controversy in Bangalore 14
2.3.2 The Theoretical Framework of SWM 15
2.4Hierarchy inWaste Management 18
Chapter 3: Best Recycling Practices, Including Circular Economy (CE) Approaches 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2The Circular Economy Concept 19
3.2 Stakeholders Involved in SWM 20
3.3 Recycling Approaches Involved in Circular Economy 21
3.3.1 Remanufacturing 22
3.3.2 Cooperative and Community Approaches 22
3.3.3 Durability 23
3.3.4 Reuse 23
Chapter 4: Strategies to Improve Recycling as a Part of Solid Waste Management Strategy 25
4.1 Introduction 25
4.2 General Waste Management Strategy 25
4.2.1 Waste Prevention 25
4.2.2 Waste Minimization 25
4.3 Recycling 26
4.4 Strategic Recommendations for Waste Management and Recycling in Bangalore 26
4.4.1 Composting 27
4.4.2 Final Disposal in Landfill 27
4.4.3 Groundwater Management 28
4.4.4 Plastic Renewal 29
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations 30
5.1 Conclusion 30
Lead in sentence…to the objectives 30
Objective 1 30
Objective 2 30
Objective 3 31
5.2 Recommendations 31
5.3 Research Limitations 32
References 34
Chapter1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Solid wastes are generated due to human activity as well as animal activity. They include food waste, plastics, textiles, yard wastes, glass, tiers and metals. The solid wastes are accumulated by the municipality and it is termed differently in the different states. The different terms are trash in US and Garbage in UK. The solid wastes are formulated with the daily wastes overthrown by general public (Kawai & Tasaki, 2016). They are accumulated with the different household wastes and daily wastes. The food wastes are collected differently than the ones which contains the different plastics, glass and metals as mentioned before. These are the more old materials that need to be treated. These wastes are either discarded or are unwanted that are recycled in Bangalore. The main aim of the management of solid waste is to minimize waste generation from the industries, commercial activities or residences, so that human health can be protected directly and indirectly. The challenge of SWM has become even more pressing for developing countries where population and consumption are consistently increasing. With rapid urbanization, industrial waste management is a huge challenge for countries like India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The management of solid wastes has become one of the greatest environmental issues in India, especially in Bangalore city.
Improved waste management can also improve environmental protection, since with the elimination of wastes the concentration of pollutants such as greenhouse gases will be minimized. It can reduce waste associated with incineration and reduce the need for landfill. This will result in greener as well as cleaner environment. As stated by Koop and van Leeuwen (2017),one of the greatest challenges associated with sustainable Solid Waste Management (SWM)is the lack of space available for landfill.
There are several studies which highlight multiple factors that have contributed to the growing challenge in SWM. Some of these issues include globalization, increase in the population, an increase in the income, the rural population, who are migrating towards the urban areas for employment (Balasubramanian, 2015).
Bangalore is a rapidly growing city in Asia and the fifth-largest city in India. Its population has been constantly increasing. Bangalore generates around 6233 tons of waste per day, 186,990 tons per month and 2,275,045 tons per year (Ramachandra et al., 2018).Bangalore city currently utilizes two important sites as engineered landfills. One is the Mavallipura, which is the main landfill site in Bangalore, with an area of 100 acres. The other site is Mandur, which is located on the eastern part of Bangalore. There are eight main zones that are solid waste disposal sites for Bangalore.
Bangalore does not have any scientific methods for treatment of solid wastes. As a result several illegal dumpsites have developed. The wastes from bulk generators like restaurants, temples, markets and hotels are collected and are taken to the disposal facilities. The treatment facilities or the dumpsites are categorized in to eight zones. These eight zones are distributed among Bingipura, Mavallipura, KCDC (Karnataka Composting Development Corporation Ltd.), Terra Firma and MSGP (MSGP InfraTech for bulk waste disposal).According to the Karnataka Pollution Control Board, these sites in Bangalore will be closed as they pose health risks for the residents near the dumpsites.
According to Chen et al. (2018), there is a gap in knowledge related to the quantity of waste generated and how to use waste aids for the treatment of solid wastes. This has posed a challenge in improving the MSWM system (Municipal Solid Waste Management) in Bangalore (Ramachandra at al., 2018). Bangalore needs to consider the use of a range of strategies such as improved communication, innovation and increasing public awareness and collaboration to transform its existing non-sustainable SWM system.
Any process that is adopted to transform the SMW system in Bangalore will require social and political changes (Vaddiraju, 2019). The current MSWM system in Bangalore requires significant adaptation of its SWM techniques, which is likely to be an immensely arduous task. Bangalore had been looked at resolving the SWM issue using a technological approach. However, as observed by Aich and Ghosh (2020), it is important that Bangalore considers various overlapping and interacting factors within the existing SWM process, including infrastructure, market forces and regulation and waste management practices. As stated by Tsai, Bui, Tseng and Wu (2020), the transition of the external forces like crisis, innovation and self-organization plays an important role in maintaining dynamic equilibrium in the waste management infrastructure of Bangalore.
1.2 Research Gap
Certain gaps in SWM in Bangalore have been identified, such as the lack of recognition of the need for the city or improve its waste management systems and infrastructure. First, in Bangalore, it is observed that people do not follow proper waste segregation processes for waste management - 68% of the waste is collected door to door and is usually dumped on open ground (Sitaram & KN, 2017). The wastes that are collected are mostly partially processed because of this lack of segregation. As a result, most of the waste remains unprocessed lying at the dumping site. Furthermore, there is a lack of proper infrastructure and trained personnel for the processing of solid waste (Sandin & Peters, 2018). There is a need for research into ways that Bangalore can upgrade its landfill sites so that they can better accommodate the SWM process.
1.3 Research Aim
The main aim of the study is to explore the various approaches that Bangalore can adopt for effective management of the growing solid waste. The study will also explore the possibility of the implementation of the circular economy so that the growing challenge of processing solid waste in a sustainable way can be addressed in Bangalore.
1.4 Research Objectives
The research aim will be achieved through the following objectives. The research will:
· Outline the current waste problem in Bangalore, including the type and amount of solid waste generated; how this waste is managed, including through recycling; and what is working well and what needs to be improved;
· Explore the concept of recycling and best practice examples, including circular economy (CE) approaches;
· Suggest strategies that could enable the city to incorporate improved recycling as a part of its solid waste management strategy
1.5 Methodology
The research methodology that has been adopted in the study is a critical literature review, accessing academic research related to the management and recycling of solid waste in Bangalore (Biyani & Anantharaman, 2017). Furthermore, with the help of secondary data analysis, the different approaches that have been adopted by Bangalore in SWM will be accessed.
A critical literature review involves in the summarization as well as evaluation of the information and ideas that are extracted from the selected articles. It allows the researcher to consider the strength as well as the weakness of the information that are represented by the articles under the review.
Waste management research will be analysed to understand the gap in the approaches that have been previously taken by the Municipality and the local government. Data analysed includes extracted for the fractional waste composition, magnitude for waste fractions, solid waste compositions.
Through this analysis, the research aims to identify the limitations of the methods that have been previously adopted by the Karnataka Pollution Control board in undertaking SWM (Biyani & Anantharaman, 2017).
Hence, the research will take into consideration certain inclusion and exclusion criteria while selecting the research articles, journal, books and reports for the research. The inclusion criteria include all the keywords, including recycling and wastes. The key words include solid waste management, waste management in Bangalore, technology used for waste management. Research published between 2015 and 2020 is used to identify recent trends and statistics.
However, older articles that have been recently revised were selected to obtain explanation of recycling processes for solid wastes. As a part of exclusive criteria, irrelevant sources and articles beyond 2016 will be rejected. For the selection of the articles, an appropriate search engine was utilized which is Google Scholar, which includes Boolean operators, proper databases and filters?
1.6 Research Structure
Chapter 1 introduces the different concepts related to the solid wastes and the approaches taken by Bangalore to manage them systematically. The advantages, Research questions, objectives are also discussed thoroughly within this chapter which makes it much stronger for initiating this research paper.
Chapter 2 highlights the background of the SWM in Bangalore and briefly describes the current strategies which the Bangalore Government is applying to manage solid waste. In particular, the risks associated with landfill will be explored. The most recent solid waste management strategy the city has implemented is also discussed.
Chapter 3 explores theoretical frameworks and practical examples of effective recycling, including circular economy approaches.
Chapter 4 explores the extent to which a circular economy approach could address the growing SWM challenge in Bangalore. Various methods, by which the CE approach could be adopted or supported by the Bangalore Government, will be explored.
Chapter 5 summarizes the research and its findings, including recommendations.
Chapter 2: Solid Waste Management in Bangalore
2.1 Introduction
This chapter explores different approaches to solid waste management (SWM) implemented in different regions and countries. This chapter highlights the different solid waste management programs. Theoretical frameworks of solid waste management are discussed. This chapter also uses incidents and events to highlight why recycling waste is important.
2.2 The Solid Waste Stream in Bangalore
The theoretical framework of SMW classifies solid wastes into different types. Solid wastes refer to those waste materials that cannot be easily degraded. These wastes contain the different materials like the Plastics, metals, Glass which cannot easily mix up with the nature. Similarly like the solid wastes there are different kinds of liquid wastes too which are chemically treated cannot be degraded. But this research focuses on treating the solid non degradable materials thoroughly. An example of management approach of solid waste management has been put forward by The Windsor Ascutney Sewage Transfer Enterprise (WASTE). The three Rs which are reducing, reuse and recycle has been the main concept behind treating these solid materials. It classifies waste according to its nature and bio-degradability. The different kinds of wastes are explained below.
2.2.1 Residential
Residential wastes are the wastes that are emitted from houses. These waste materials are produced through everyday activities by the household (Anguilano, 2017). These wastes are, generally, the leftovers from dwellings, apartments, and other residences. They consist of food, vegetable peels, clothes, ash and so on. These wastes are, generally, easily biodegradable and are not harmful to humanity.
2.2.2 Industrial
Industrial wastes include chemical gases, which are very harmful to the environment. One of the primary concerns of environmentalists is the waste produced by industry. Industries are large operating sites that work on a massive scale (Malinauskaite et al., 2017), often producing huge amounts of waste. These wastes are, mostly, non-biodegradable and extremely harmful to the environment. But there are some positive factors to these wastes as well. They can be reused by the other organizations. In this way the recycling of wastes can be done which cannot harm the environment as much.
2.2.3 Agricultural
Generally, agricultural wastes are not harmful (Kaza, Yao, Bhada-Tata & Van Woerden, 2018). However, the chemicals used in pesticides and insecticides can harm the rivers and other organisms. The SMW theoretical framework emphasizes the division of the wastes as per their origin and their types. The framework says that the wastes are divided as per their origin and the ability to harm the environment. The wastes need to be dumped in the way so that they can be collectd...