using the ethical theories of virtue ethics and cultural relativism, critically analyze the ethical...

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using the ethical theories of virtue ethics and cultural relativism, critically analyze the ethical issues raised by research article providedGenome-wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Th Att and cite Gra Gra He Sev Gra 602 643 Gra Gr Az. Spa SAF � RESEARCH ARTICLE Neuropsychiatric Genetics Genome-Wide Analyses of Aggressiveness in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Erlend J. Brevik,1,2,3* Marjolein M. J. van Donkelaar,4 Heike Weber,5 Cristina S�anchez-Mora,6,7,8 Christian Jacob,9 Olga Rivero,10 Sarah Kittel-Schneider,10 Iris Garcia-Martı́nez,6,7 Marcel Aebi,11,12 Kimm van Hulzen,4 Bru Cormand,13,14,15 Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga,6,7,8,16 IMAGE Consortium, Klaus-Peter Lesch,9,17 Andreas Reif,5 Marta Ribas�es,6,7,8 Barbara Franke,4,18 Maj-Britt Posserud,1,2 Stefan Johansson,19,20 Astri J. Lundervold,2,3 Jan Haavik,1,2 and Tetyana Zayats2* 1Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway 2K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 3Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 4Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany 6Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 7Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain 8Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain 9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinik N€urtingen, N€urtingen, Germany 10Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of W€urzburg, W€urzburg, Germany 11Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Child and Youth Forensic Service, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland 12Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 13Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Gen�etica, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 14Centro de Investigaci�on Biom�edica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain 15Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain 16Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 17Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands 18Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 19Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway 20Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Manuscript Received: 23 June 2015; Manuscript Accepted: 9 February 2016 is is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons ribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly d and is not used for commercial purposes. nt sponsor: K.G. Jebsen Foundation for Medical Research; nt sponsor: University of Bergen; Grant sponsor: Western Norwegian alth Authorities (Helse Vest); Grant sponsor: European Community’s enth Framework Programme; Grant number: FP7/2007–2013; nt sponsor: Research and Innovation Program; Grant numbers: 805, H2020; Grant sponsor: Marie Sklodowska-Curie; Grant number: 051 (MiND); Grant sponsor: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; nt numbers: DFG: KFO 125, TRR 58/A5, DFG RE1632/5-1; ant sponsor: Fritz Thyssen Foundation; Grant number: 10.13.1185; Grant sponsor: Jacobs Foundation; Grant sponsor: nish Ministerio de Economı́a y Competitividad; Grant number: 2012-33484; Grant sponsor: AGAUR; Grant number: 2014SGR932; Grant sponsor: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci�on, Spain; Grant sponsor: Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FIS, Spain; Grant numbers: PI11/00571, PI11/01629, PI12/01139, PI14/01700; Grant sponsor: Ag�encia de Gesti�o d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca- AGAUR Generalitat de Catalunya; Grant number: 2014SGR1357; Grant sponsor: Departament de Salut, Government of Catalonia, Spain; Grant sponsor: NIH; Grant numbers: R01MH62873, R01MH081803; Grant sponsor: European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. �Correspondence to: Erlend J. Brevik, PsyD, and Tetyana Zayats, M.D., Ph.D., K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. E-mail: erlend.brevik@psybp.uib.no (EJB); tetyana.zayats@uib.no (TZ) Article first published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com): 29 March 2016 DOI 10.1002/ajmg.b.32434 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 733 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 734 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B Aggressiveness is a behavioral trait that has the potential to be How to Cite this Article: Brevik EJ, van Donkelaar MMJ, Weber H, S�anchez-Mora C, Jacob C, Rivero O, Kittel- Schneider S, Garcia-Martı́nez I, Aebi M, van Hulzen K, Cormand B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, IMAGE Consortium, Lesch K-P, Reif A, Ribas�es M, Franke B, Posserud M-B, Johansson S, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Zayats T. 2016. Genome-Wide Analyses of Aggressiveness in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B 171B:733–747. harmful to individuals and society. With an estimated herita- bility of about 40%, genetics is important in its development.We performed an exploratory genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of childhood aggressiveness in attention deficit hyper- activity disorder (ADHD) to gain insight into the underlying biological processes associated with this trait. Our primary sample consisted of 1,060 adult ADHD patients (aADHD). To further explore the genetic architecture of childhood aggres- siveness, we performed enrichment analyses of suggestive genome-wide associations observed in aADHD among GWA signals of dimensions of oppositionality (defiant/vindictive and irritable dimensions) in childhood ADHD (cADHD). No single polymorphism reached genome-wide significance (P

Soumi · Accepted Answer

Running Head: ETHICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY	1
ETHICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 		2
USING THE ETHICAL THEORIES OF VIRTUE ETHICS AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM, TO ANALYZE CRITICALLY THE ETHICAL ISSUES RAISED BY RESEARCH ARTICLE PROVIDED
Table of Contents
Introduction	3
Identification of ethical issues related to emerging biotechnologies	3
Critical analysis of issues using ethical theories and principles	5
Virtue Ethics	6
Cultural Relativism	7
Literature Review	9
Legislation, Guidelines and Codes of Practice Relevant to Identified Ethical Issues	11
Conclusion	12
References	14
Introduction
Biotechnology is one of the contemporary fields and most demanding field of the biology, in which technology is developed using the living organisms. It has achieved success in advancement in biology. It developed the products, which help in combating rare diseases, producing high quality medicines with focus to treat the chronic or terminal diseases. It plays significant role in solving some of the major issues of the world like improving the carbon footprint and hunger issue by increasing the productivity of crops.
Despite playing significant role in handling the pressing challenges of the current world, methods and process used in biotechnology raises many ethical concerns. The prime reason for raising the ethical concern is, due to the testing of developed technology or procedure on animals and humans. Ethics is a guiding principle in personal and professional life. It helps in judging between right or wrong. Ethics makes sure that decision taken by individual does not harm society or other fellow individuals.
It has been seen that when people involved in scientific research and development do not take ethical measures in their work, then outcome of the result is hazardous. For example, use of science to develops weapons. Nowadays trend of using bioweapons is very common. The following assignment critically analyses the ethical issues in emerging biotechnologies using the case study of article written by Brevik et al. (2016).
Identification of ethical issues related to emerging biotechnologies
	There is a very blurred line between ethical and unethical act during the research. There are many vulnerabilities detected in the article “Genome‐wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder”, which can raise several ethical issues. As per the case study, research was conducted on aggressiveness, which is a behavioral trait that has potential to harm society and individual. The targeted group selected for the research is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 
The people who suffered from ADHD show three symptoms like difficulty in paying attention, being overactive and acting without thinking. It is unethical to conduct the research on specific group who are always been accused for their impulsive behavior. Studying aggressiveness trait, which is considered bad in the society, makes them vulnerable to questioning their own behavior. As noted by Thau, Derfler-Rozin, Pitesa, Mitchell and Pillutla (2015), selection of specific group for the conduction of research put them at risk of social exclusion. This issue is very high as it can change the view of people surrounds. 
Another ethical issue with the study is revealing of identity and misuse of the sample given by people to the researchers. Revealing of identity for the research or misusing of sample of the volunteer in the name of research study is unethical. As suggested by Vitak, Shilton and Ashktorab (2016), volunteer while providing their sample to the researcher exposed themselves to vulnerability. It is necessary for the researchers to make sure that sample provided those for specific research must be conducted for that specific research only.
	As per the case study, another ethical concern in the study is breach of the privacy. Researchers used the personal information about the volunteer. They asked certain specific question on their impulsive behavior, and the time, during which they started showing this behavior with an aim to identify those adults who show impulsive behavior during early age. Revealing the data to other person without the consent of the volunteer or blackmailing them for personal benefits is unethical. As mentioned by Bender, Cyr, Arbuckle and Ferris (2017), disclose of private information of person without its consent is a legal and ethical issue.
	Another ethical concern is selection of specific ancestry. This study is conducted on people with Caucasian ancestry. This can hurt the sentiments of the people of Caucasian ancestry. They can be offended and considered a target to attach to the aggressiveness trait. Aggressiveness is considered worst trait and entire ethnicity are attached to this trait in research can become written literature and make the connection permanent. This raise the ethical concern for the people and their community.
Another ethical concern, which is present in the research article, was conduction of research on children. Children suffering from ADHD are already find it difficult to understand their situation and conduction of research on them regarding aggressiveness can influence their thinking. Conduction of research on children and connecting them to aggressiveness, a trait about which, they themselves are not aware of completely can raise ethical concern if children are not handled properly.
	The other ethical concern is identifying the trait or genes of the aggressiveness, which can make the person culprit of aggressiveness due to its genetic make-up. Identification of aggressive trait can lead to mandatory screening of trait, which raise many other ethical concerns. The fact is behavior can be controlled or changed, and giving burden to the person about their aggressive trait can influence their life.
Critical analysis of issues using ethical theories and principles
	Ethics is a method of making choice between right and wrong. As suggested by Ostman and Turtiainen (2016), ethics can be defined as an approach, using which people can understand, analyze and distinguish between right and wrong. There are some situations, in which people’s emotions or personal benefits can overshadowed or cloud the judgment of the people. They struggle to make choice between the right and the wrong. 
This struggle and personal benefits pushed them in making unethical choices. For example, scientists in their research sometimes forget about the line between ethical and unethical concern. They in their greed of discovering something push them to make unethical choices like conduction of experiments on humans. Following study tries to understand these ethical issues under the lens of virtue ethics and cultural relativism.
Virtue Ethics
	Virtue ethics focus on character of person. As suggested by Smith (2017), virtue ethics states that ethics of the person should be determined on basis of the character of the individual instead of the action taken by them. The idea of sidelining the action is based on fact that people sometimes under the influence of emotion take certain actions, which raised ethical concern. Actions taken by individual under emotional influence are deviated from their normal or usual behavior of that individual. As noted by Niebauer (2016), virtue theory takes in consideration the individual’s reputation,

Genome-wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Th Att and cite Gra Gra He Sev Gra 602 643 Gra Gr Az. Spa SAF � RESEARCH ARTICLE Neuropsychiatric Genetics...

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