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Q1. High blood pressure defined as the medical term Hypertension, is known to effect one in seven Australians and is one of the leading elements to a global health problem according to ("High blood pressure", 2019). Hypertension progressively increases the pressure of blood flow causing damage and narrowing of the arteries; this may lead to an individual to develop side effects such as strokes, heart attacks and chronic kidney disease, this has been recognised through the studies of ("How high blood pressure can affect your body", 2020). Stated in ("5 things you can do to look after your kidneys today", 2021) Kidneys work simultaneously together to remove excess fluids, unwanted chemicals and waste within the human body. The circulatory system and the Renal system interact together to achieve overall health and well-being. Uncontrolled high blood pressure causes functioning arteries around the kidneys to constrict and coagulate, impacting the supply of blood delivery to the kidney tissues. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron; Kidneys consist of multiple nephrons that play a significant role in the filtration and purification of blood, keeping blood pressure in a healthy range. Failed kidneys are unable to assist in regulating blood pressure and as a result blood pressure will continue to increase. Statistics mentioned by author (Craft J et al. 2018. Understanding Pathophysiology 3e Australia New Zealand 3rd) have proven that 1 in 3 adults living in Australia and New Zealand have hypertension and renal failure. Preventing hypertension through the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease are a combination of lifestyle choices one individual inhibits; such as being physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, diet and consumption of toxins such as cigarettes and alcohol. Signs and symptoms of CKD may indicate the following; increased blood pressure, weight loss, nausea, shortness of breath and fatigue. Renal Failure occurs in 5 stages according to Medical News Today ("Kidney failure: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment", 2018) Stage 1 Kidneys work at a 90% functioning rate. Stage 2 works at an 89-60% rate. Stage 3 at a 59-30% rate. Stage 4 being 29-15% functioning rate and Stage 5 indicates severe kidney failure at a rate of 15%, known as End Stage. There are two types of Kidney diseases these are Acute and Chronic. AKF also known as Acute Kidney Failure appears suddenly, naturally within a few hours or days whereas CKD develops over a long period of time. Q2. Based upon the laboratory investigation results; the patient’s creatinine levels are presenting 641 umol/L higher than the standard creatinine levels for an adult male which ranges from 60-100 umol/L. To determine the stage of CKD the patient might be in, follow the eGFR calculation: Serum Creatinine x Age x Gender. According to the calculation the patients eGFR level is 8ml/min/1.73m2. (“eGFR calculator”, 2021). This displays that the patient is currently in End stage, Stage 5. An efficient and effective management approach for this patient is Dialysis. The best suited treatment for this patient is Peritoneal Dialysis. This involves an insertion of a catheter into the abdomen to filter blood through the peritoneum that will absorb waste products. Peritoneal Dialysis can prolong the patient’s life expectancy by 5-10 years. References ("High blood pressure", 2019) High blood pressure. NeuRA. (2021). Retrieved 30 March 2021, from https://www.neura.edu.au/health/high-blood- pressure/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw9YWDBhDyARIsADt6sGbOaIwqL- oiGef4XgTkqpmYD7yLgNtL3wegxYO02CCIv_bwQLaUWKUaApTUEALw_wcB. ("How high blood pressure can affect your body", 2020). How high blood pressure can affect your body. Mayo Clinic. (2021). Retrieved 30 March 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in- depth/high-blood-pressure/art- 20045868#:~:text=Hypertension%20gradually%20increases%20the%20pressure,of%20your %20arteries'%20inner%20lining. ("5 things you can do to look after your kidneys today", 2021) 5 things you can do to look after your kidneys today. Health.qld.gov.au. (2021). Retrieved 30 March 2021, from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/how-to-look-after- kidney-health- disease#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20are%20two%20organs,and%20turn%20these%20into% 20urine (Craft J et al. 2018. Understanding Pathophysiology 3e Australia New Zealand 3rd). Craft, J., Gordon, C., Huether, S., McCance, K., Brashers, V., & Rote, N. Understanding pathophysiology. ("Kidney failure: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment", 2018) Kidney failure: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment. Medicalnewstoday.com. (2021). Retrieved 30 March 2021, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327300#stages. (“eGFR calculator”, 2021) eGFR calculator. Kidney Health Australia. (2021). Retrieved 30 March 2021, from https://kidney.org.au/health-professionals/egfr-calculator. https://www.neura.edu.au/health/high-blood-pressure/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw9YWDBhDyARIsADt6sGbOaIwqL-oiGef4XgTkqpmYD7yLgNtL3wegxYO02CCIv_bwQLaUWKUaApTUEALw_wcB https://www.neura.edu.au/health/high-blood-pressure/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw9YWDBhDyARIsADt6sGbOaIwqL-oiGef4XgTkqpmYD7yLgNtL3wegxYO02CCIv_bwQLaUWKUaApTUEALw_wcB https://www.neura.edu.au/health/high-blood-pressure/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw9YWDBhDyARIsADt6sGbOaIwqL-oiGef4XgTkqpmYD7yLgNtL3wegxYO02CCIv_bwQLaUWKUaApTUEALw_wcB https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868#:~:text=Hypertension%20gradually%20increases%20the%20pressure,of%20your%20arteries'%20inner%20lining https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868#:~:text=Hypertension%20gradually%20increases%20the%20pressure,of%20your%20arteries'%20inner%20lining https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868#:~:text=Hypertension%20gradually%20increases%20the%20pressure,of%20your%20arteries'%20inner%20lining https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868#:~:text=Hypertension%20gradually%20increases%20the%20pressure,of%20your%20arteries'%20inner%20lining https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/how-to-look-after-kidney-health-disease#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20are%20two%20organs,and%20turn%20these%20into%20urine https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/how-to-look-after-kidney-health-disease#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20are%20two%20organs,and%20turn%20these%20into%20urine https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/how-to-look-after-kidney-health-disease#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20are%20two%20organs,and%20turn%20these%20into%20urine https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/how-to-look-after-kidney-health-disease#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20are%20two%20organs,and%20turn%20these%20into%20urine https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327300#stages https://kidney.org.au/health-professionals/egfr-calculator