Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist Knowledge questions Part A – Descriptive questions: 1. The following table identifies examples of acute disease states and illnesses...

Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist
Knowledge questions
Part A – Descriptive questions:
1. The following table identifies examples of acute disease states and illnesses requiring complex nursing interventions. Complete the table defining each of these acute health problems and explaining specific clinical manifestations of each of these conditions.
    Acute health problems
    Definition/ what is it?
    Explain specific clinical manifestations
    a. Acute kidney failure
    It is the condition of having renal failures due to improper functioning of kidney.
    Clinical symptoms include less urine, fatigue, shortness of breath, swollen lower abdomen and pain.
    b. Acute glomerulonephritis
    It is the condition of severe inflammation in glomeruli.
    The condition causes pain and it is often associated with the hormone complexes, a condition where antigen and antibodies are stored in kidney.
    c. Gastroenteritis
    It is the painful condition caused by inflammation of stomach and intestine.
    The condition occurs when pain and subsequent swelling takes place in the gastro regions of the body.
    d. Acute pancreatitis
    In this condition, pain usually occurs due to the inflammation of the pancreas.
    The problems occur due to the swelling of pancreas, secretion of hormones at additional level or due to the lack of proper diet.
    e. Seizure
    Seizure is the operative procedure in which, various treatments are made possible which cannot be possible through external medication.
    Seizure is the opening of the targeted region like brain, heart or stomach with regard to provide clinical intervention through internal observation.
    f.     Transient ischemic attack
    A short duration of stroke is known as TIA.
    It occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked due to some reason. It happens like a random shock, nausea or fainting.
    g. Angina
    A condition in which muscles of the heart do not receive enough blood that is rich with oxygen.
    Fatigue and pain in chest are commonly identified as the symptoms of this issue.
    h. Myocardial infarction
     A situation in which blood flow to the part of the heart is blocked.
    There can be many manifestations of this issue ranging from fatigue to weakness and blurred vision.
    i.     Vasovagal syncope
    Also known as reflect syncope, this is the condition in which common fainting occurs without any reason.
    The functioning of brain (which is not visualized) is weak, causing inability of mind to work well.
    j.     Allergic rhinitis
    It is the condition of having collective symptoms against some issue related to nose, primarily the allergy.
    Itchy and water eyes, constant sneezing due to allergy of dust or any other object.
    k. Acute bronchitis
    A condition when bronchial tubes are inflated. It is a viral condition.
    Bronchial tubes fail to inhale or exhale the proper amount of air due to inflammation.
    l.     First degree burns on skin
    A condition of superficial burns over the epidermis causing mild pain and reddened skin.
    Mild burns reach to the upper layer of the skin only and they are blocked by the thickness of dermis.
    m. Airway burns
    A condition when toxic fumes, smoke or superheated air is taken in to the air tract.
    The upper skin of air tract is soared due to the effects of the heated air.
    n. Cellulitis
    A kind of bacterial infection on skin.
    Skin appears as red, swollen and there is pain when touched due to the increased sensitivity of the affected area.
    o. Dehydration
    A condition when the degree of fluids (mostly electrolytes) is reduced in blood.
    Fatigue, giddiness, and weakness are associated with the reduced amount of water in blood which results in dehydration.
    p. Epistaxis
    A condition of bleeding through nose
    Internal temperature of the body rises and it causes blood to be thin enough to flow through nasal pours.
    q. Cerebral haemorrhage
    A condition of having consistent bleeding in brain, which may further result in clots.
    This can occur due to any injury to blood vessels which results in leaking of the blood. Symptoms include faintness, weakness and headache.
    r.     Traumatic brain injury
    A condition when sudden trauma causes issues in brain, mostly the damaging ones are included.
    Immediate or later manifestations may include weakness, blurring of vision and severe headache or swollen face.
    Acute health problems
    Definition/ what is it?
    Explain specific clinical manifestations
    s. Renal calculi
    A condition entitled for kidney stones, which are hard deposits n kidney such as minerals or salts.
    When renal filtering receives hard deposits, it fails to pass them through urine. Symptoms include pain and swelling in the lower left or right kidney.
    t.     Sepsis
    It is life threatening condition in which, body response to any infection begins damaging its own tissues
    Increased pus in the affected area, pain and redness of skin or swelling at severe level.
    u. Cardiogenic shock
    A condition when heart reaches to a state of shock and stops pumping blood to the body.
    This includes severe pain in chest, shortness of breath and fainting at times.
Sources
Davidson, P. M., & Szanton, S. L. (2020). Nursing homes and COVID‐19: We can and should do better. Journal of clinical nursing.
Bonnefoy-Cudraz, E., Bueno, H., Casella, G., De Maria, E., Fitzsimons, D., Halvorsen, S., ... & Lettino, M. (2018). Editor’s Choice-Acute Cardiovascular Care Association position paper on intensive cardiovascular care units: an update on their definition, structure, organisation and function. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care, 7(1), 80-95
Telias, I., & Wilcox, M. E. (2019). Sleep and circadian rhythm in critical illness. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2019, 651-664
Moheet, A. M., Livesay, S. L., Abdelhak, T., Bleck, T. P., Human, T., Karanjia, N., ... & Chang, C. W. (2018). Standards for neurologic critical care units: a statement for healthcare professionals from the neurocritical care society. Neurocritical care, 29(2), 145-160
Bell, J. F., Whitney, R. L., & Young, H. M. (2019). Family caregiving in serious illness in the United States: Recommendations to support an invisible workforce. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(S2), S451-S456.
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2. Briefly describe the characteristics of acute pain.
The attributes of acute pain include suffering at sudden level due to some specific cause. This may be due to some internal body issue or due to external damages received. It is more like the response of the body towards the damage caused and it requires immediate attention as well.
Source
Dazhi, D. E. N. G., Ling, L. I. U., Guangma, X. U., Jianting, G. A. N., Yin, S. H. E. N., Ying, S. H. I., ... & Yingzhong, L. I. N. (2018). Epidemiology and serum metabolic characteristics of acute myocardial infarction patients in chest pain centres. Iranian journal of public health, 47(7), 1017
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3. Briefly describe the key difference between deep vein thrombosis and venous thromboembolism.
The difference lies in the inclusion of deep vein thrombosis in VTI, which also includes pulmonary embolism. Deep vein thrombosis occurs in the lower body parts like legs or pelvic region and it is the formation of the blood clot, which usually requires clinical assistance. VTI may include clots in the other regions of the body as well.
Source
Ortel, T. L., Neumann, I., Ageno, W., Beyth, R., Clark, N. P., Cuker, A., ... & Zhang, Y. (2020). American Society of Haematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Blood advances, 4(19), 4693-4738
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4. Briefly describe four (4) common symptoms of a bone fracture.
Four common symptoms of bone fracture include dislocation of the bone, breaking of the connecting bone tissues and ligaments, swelling at the external regions where the fracture has occurred and increased amount of swelling if the fracture is left unattended for a long duration.
Source
Kimura, T. (2018). Multidisciplinary approach for bone metastasis: a review. Cancers, 10(6), 156.
    
    
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5. Briefly describe the key difference between greenstick and impacted fractures.
Impacted fracture is recognized as the end-to-end collapse of the bone; it is the nearing of the two ends of the bone altogether due to massive pressure. Greenstick fracture occurs in the same way, as some green branch of the tree is broken; it leaves the loose ends of the same bone that needs to be fixed.
Source
Macedo, F., Ladeira, K., Pinho, F., Saraiva, N., Bonito, N., Pinto, L., & Goncalves, F. (2017). Bone metastases: an overview. Oncology reviews, 11(1).
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6. Discuss three (3) key principles of surgical nursing.
Three key principles of surgical nursing include the management of the fluid electrolytes during surgery at utmost priority because the patient often loses the amount of water trough blood loss which may result in sudden cardiac arrest. Infection control and management of pain are other two principles that nursing professionals must follow during surgery.
Source
Lee, M. K., & Park, B. K. (2018). Effects of flipped learning using online materials in a surgical nursing practicum: A pilot stratified group-randomized trial. Healthcare informatics research, 24(1), 69-78
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7. Briefly describe the key difference between elective surgery...